{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T02:36:14Z","timestamp":1725849374920},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10077,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, research into the connection between vitamins and psychiatric disorder, particularly affective changes, has been in the doldrums, with the exceptions perhaps of studies of folic acid and pyridoxine. The best way for research to proceed is first to establish that the association of a vitamin deficiency with a psychiatric disorder is beyond a chance finding. Then, questions should be asked about what mental symptoms it is linked with, and what the other associations (malnutrition, drugs, physical illness, etc) are. Lastly, queries should be raised about whether the association is causal or if the mental symptoms are merely secondary to the anorexia and poor diet so common in mental illness (or whether they are linked in a vicious circle as suggested by Reynolds<jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>(1971)). These questions became pertinent in the mid-1960s when reliable ways of assaying B vitamins such as folic acid became more generally available. In this review, I present evidence that deficiencies of folic acid, B12, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and ascorbic acid are not infrequently found in psychiatric practice. It should be remembered, however, that some ways of assaying vitamins are liable to give a larger proportion of spurious low results than other methods (false positives), although the adoption of more reliable ways of assaying vitamins should reduce this.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.6.878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]],"date-time":"2008-08-13T00:13:05Z","timestamp":1218586385000},"page":"878-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Vitamin Deficiency and Mental Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"M. W. P.","family":"Carney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107607"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref43","first-page":"241","article-title":"Hormones, drugs and riboflavin","volume":"37","author":"Rivkin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nutrition Review"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.6.726"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref38","first-page":"719","article-title":"Folate deficiency in depressive illness","volume":"24","author":"Reynolds","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/240155a0"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-7219-0_7"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref52","first-page":"189","article-title":"Dementia and folate deficiency","volume":"36","author":"Strachan","year":"1967","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.5.658a","article-title":"Continued oestradiol and vitamin B6 treatment in women with major depression","volume":"142","author":"Holsboen","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref1","first-page":"867","article-title":"Effects of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) upon depression associated with oral contraception","volume":"ii","author":"Adams","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.5.886","article-title":"Vitamin B6 status in women with post partum depression","volume":"31","author":"Livingston","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.496.241"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.141.1.87"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197005000-00009"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.135.3.249"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700006711"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5975.79"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref6","first-page":"215","article-title":"Vitamin and alcoholism. III. Vitamin B6","volume":"30","author":"Bonjour","year":"1980a","journal-title":"International Journal of Vitamins and Nutritional Research"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)93168-7"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref22","unstructured":"Godfrey P. , Toone B. K. , Carney M. W. P. , et al (1988) Methyl folate enhances recovery from psychiatric illness. Paper presented at British Association of Psychopharmacology, Cambridge 10\u201313 July 1988 (submitted for publication)."},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133686.x","article-title":"The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: an appraisal in Queensland with special reference to prevention","volume":"147","author":"Price","year":"1987","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700003688"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref7","first-page":"425","article-title":"Vitamins and alcoholism. V. Riboflavin","volume":"50","author":"Bonjour","year":"1980b","journal-title":"International Journal of Vitamins and Nutritional Research"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref10","first-page":"566","article-title":"Serum vitamin B12 values in psychiatric in-patients","volume":"31","author":"Carney","year":"1970","journal-title":"Diseases of the Nervous System"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.8.571"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528309181597"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1969.tb10370.x"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carney M. W. P. , Chary T. K. N. , Laundy M. , et al (1990) Red cell folate concentrations in psychiatric patients. Journal of Affective Disorders (in press).","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90093-N"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/000456327801500173","article-title":"Detection and incidence of B and C vitamin deficiency in alcohol-related illness","volume":"15","author":"Barnes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198512000-00017"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.6.1283","article-title":"Riboflavin deficiency in an adolescent population in New York City","volume":"33","author":"Lopez","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/22.3.327","article-title":"Evaluation of methods of co-enzyme activation of erythrocyte enzymes for detection of deficiency of vitamins B1, B2 and B6","volume":"22","author":"Bayoumi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5578.512"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5753.109-d"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.141.3.271"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref18","volume-title":"The Megaloblastic Anaemias.","author":"Chanarin","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref20","volume-title":"Advances in Epileptology","author":"Edeh","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(80)73586-7"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1969.tb06198.x"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.3.394"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.4.455","article-title":"Some behavioral effects of ascorbic acid deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Kinsman","year":"1971","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198530020-00003"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.2.205","article-title":"Red cell transketolase as an indicator of nutritional deficiency","volume":"33","author":"Lonsdale","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref35","first-page":"241","article-title":"Assessment of thiamine status of patients with an alcohol problem","volume":"39","author":"McLaren","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nutrition Society: Abstracts of Communications"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90482-3"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1984.tb04168.x"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6247.1036"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.62.724.113"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/2.3.177"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref50","first-page":"613","article-title":"Low B6 levels in depressed out-patients","volume":"19","author":"Stewart","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-198801000-00003"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1968.tb11911.x"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113623.x","article-title":"Wernickes encephalopathy in a metropolitan hospital. A prospective study of incidence, characteristics and outcome","volume":"144","author":"Wood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.4.848","article-title":"A study of partial thiamine restriction in human volunteers","volume":"33","author":"Word","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S0007125000061195_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)05368-2","article-title":"Ascorbic acid status of children with developmental distribution","volume":"75","author":"Springer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of American Dietary Association"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000061195","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T07:18:52Z","timestamp":1709191132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000061195\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000061195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.156.6.878","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]}}}