{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:59:09Z","timestamp":1760014749227},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9224,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To examine the neuropsychiatric effects of infection with HIV, 220 drug users (27 HIV negative, 193 HIV positive) completed tests evaluating premorbid intelligence, memory, non-verbal performance, information processing speed, and mood. When these measures were compared cross-sectionally by the severity of HIV illness, symptomatic patients (in CDC stage IV) were impaired on Trails B, two-choice decision time, delayed recall of the Wechsler Logical Memory Test and most components of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. These findings imply reduced capacity for concentration, speed of thought and memory. When 101 patients were retested a mean of 16 months after their initial assessment, performance on Trails A and B, Block Design and delayed recall of the Wechsler Logical Memory Test deteriorated more for patients at, or progressing within, CDC stage IV, than performance of patients at stage III. The results broadly correspond to the cross-sectional findings. However, there was a decline in all tests of memory function for the sample independent of clinical staging. This may be evidence of brain involvement before the appearance of other symptoms. Self-rated measures of mood did not change cross-sectionally, progressively, or interactively with time and stage of HIV illness, and cannot account for the changes in cognitive function observed. Change in drug use, similarly, does not account for the cognitive findings. Four (5%) of the retested subjects developed AIDS dementia complex, but most of the performance and memory impairments seen were subclinical despite the destructive neuropathology presumed to underlie intellectual decline in patients with HIV infection. An exploratory analysis of treatment with zidovudine in 65 patients with stage IV disease showed no demonstrable benefit for cognitive function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.161.4.522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T04:56:07Z","timestamp":1224046567000},"page":"522-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Edinburgh Cohort of HIV-Positive Drug Users: Pattern of Cognitive Impairment in Relation to Progression of Disease"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Egan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray P.","family":"Brettle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy M.","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref34","first-page":"81","article-title":"Neuropsychological dysfunction in HIV-infection: characterization in a lymphadenopathy cohort","volume":"10","author":"Saykin","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.1.3.296","article-title":"Neuropsychological function in physically asymptomatic, HIV-seropositive men","volume":"1","author":"Perry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(67)90015-2"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.2.204"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref32","volume-title":"L'Examen Clinique en Psychologie.","author":"Rey","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3277272"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.5.1079"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6765.1362"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref4","volume-title":"Digital Finger Tapping Test Manual.","author":"Brandon","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref2","volume-title":"Revised Visual Retention Test.","author":"Benton","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260504"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199007000-00007"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810260047007"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-6-828"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref15","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref40","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Revised. Test Manual.","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190602"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref5","first-page":"334","article-title":"Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection","volume":"35","year":"1986","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref23","volume-title":"National Adult Reading Test - Test Manual.","author":"Nelson","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129108251593"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260502"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129208251615"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1987.tb01366.x"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref25","volume-title":"Classification of Occupations and Coding Index.","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530040085022"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198804000-00002"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref31","volume-title":"Clinical Neuropsychology: Current Status and Applications.","author":"Reitan","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6519.527"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref21","volume-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology: Proceedings of the 16th CINP Congress, Munich, August 15\u201319, 1988","author":"Naber","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref24","volume-title":"The NART","author":"Nelson","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref44","volume-title":"Global Program on AIDS: Report on the Second Consultation on the Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV-1 Infection. Report Reference No. WHO\/ GPA\/MNH\/90.1.","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260503"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810260039006"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6703.819"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199012000-00010"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref43","first-page":"938","article-title":"The importance of confounding factors in the evaluation of neuropsychological changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"3","author":"Wilkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref8","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Opiate Users.","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref41","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised Manual.","author":"Wechsler","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.2.197"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/5.4.405"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199006000-00011"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref26","volume-title":"Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology","author":"Peaker","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0007125000129782_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.153.2.178"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000129782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T20:48:17Z","timestamp":1558039697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000129782\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000129782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.161.4.522","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]}}}