{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:30:59Z","timestamp":1792654259566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8859,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiological evidence that the offspring of women exposed to influenza in pregnancy are at increased risk of schizophrenia is conflicting. In an attempt to clarify the issue we explored the relationship between the monthly incidence of influenza (and measles) in the general population and the distribution of birth dates of three large series of schizophrenic patients - 16 960 Scottish patients born in 1932\u201360; 22 021 English patients born in 1921\u201360; and 18 723 Danish patients born in 1911\u201365. Exposure to the 1957 epidemic of A2 influenza in midpregnancy was associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia, at least in females, in all three data sets. We also confirmed the previous report of a statistically significant long-term relationship between patients' birth dates and outbreaks of influenza in the English series, with time lags of - 2 and - 3 months (the sixth and seventh months of pregnancy). Despite several other negative studies by ourselves and others we conclude that these relationships are probably both genuine and causal; and that maternal influenza during the middle third of intrauterine development, or something closely associated with it, is implicated in the aetiology of some cases of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.4.522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T05:21:28Z","timestamp":1224048088000},"page":"522-534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Epidemiological Evidence that Maternal Influenza Contributes to the Aetiology of Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Kendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. H.","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Munk-J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref16","first-page":"118","article-title":"Schizophrenia and influenza","volume":"338","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"1991b","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref2","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress","author":"Bogerts","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.6.758"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800260109013"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref14","volume-title":"Reports of Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 4","year":"1920"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000129927","article-title":"Maternal viral infection hypothesis","volume":"161","author":"Sham","year":"1992b","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91585-5"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.161.4.445"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5811-4_8"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90109-3"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00687.x"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.4.461"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.161.3.390","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia","volume":"161","author":"Coffey","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810210077012"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790120089011"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref22","volume-title":"Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, 1965 revision","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810100020004"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref8","volume-title":"Influenza 1957: Report on the Epidemic in Glasgow","author":"Horne","year":"1957"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92919-S"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref23","volume-title":"Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.1.56"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.4.517"},{"key":"S0007125000033948_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.3.569"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000033948","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T21:38:32Z","timestamp":1557956312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000033948\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":["An Analysis of Scottish, English, and Danish Data"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000033948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.163.4.522","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}}}