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The initial manifestations of the disorder are variable, and a persistent memory impairment can result from a non-alcoholic aetiology, although this seems to happen much less commonly than in the past \u2013 presumably because of generally higher standards of nutrition. Although there is agreement on the underlying neuropathology, the critical lesion sites for memory disorder have been debated. Recent evidence suggests that the circuit involving the mammillary bodies, the mammillo-thalamic tract and the anterior thalamus, rather than the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is particularly critical in the formation of new memories. The relationship of these deficits to thiamine depletion remains a topic of current investigation, as does the purported role of neurotransmitter depletions in the cholinergic, glutamate\/GABA and catecholamine and serotonergic systems. Neuro-imaging studies have confirmed autopsy findings of more widespread structural and metabolic abnormalities, particularly involving the frontal lobes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship of these neuropathological, neurochemical, and metabolic abnormalities to cognitive functioning, with particular reference to specific aspects of memory processing, has been considered in some detail. Whereas structural and\/or neurochemical abnormalities within the limbic\/diencephalic circuits account for anterograde amnesia, some other factor, such as frontal lobe dysfunction, must underlie the severe retrograde memory loss which is characteristically found in this syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.2.154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T05:31:20Z","timestamp":1224048680000},"page":"154-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":277,"title":["The Korsakoff Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Kopelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.5.436","article-title":"Diencephalic amnesia: reappraisal","volume":"39","author":"McDowell","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.681.427"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref139","first-page":"466","article-title":"Memory enhancement in Korsakoff's psychosis by clonidine: further evidence for a noradrenergic deficit","volume":"7","author":"McDowell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.6.1695"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810070043008"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.4.459"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6422.961"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref160","first-page":"122","volume-title":"The Neuropsychology of Memory (2nd edn)","author":"Parkin","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref77","volume-title":"Clinical, CAT Scan and Psychometric Studies in Korsakoff's Psychosis.","author":"Jacobson","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.1.124"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-09-03106.1990","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the hippocampal formation and mammillary nuclei distinguish medical temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia","volume":"10","author":"Squire","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(88)80001-7"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.683.558"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(13)80178-5"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299308253454"},{"key":"S0007125000183308_ref104","first-page":"394","article-title":"Psychic disorder in conjunction with peripheral neuritis (trans. 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