{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:05:26Z","timestamp":1791104726395,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6882,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In spite of intensive research, no causal anatomical lesion has been found in schizophrenia. It may instead be caused by malfunctioning circuits in the corollary discharge, feed forward (CD\u2013FF) systems of thought.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To integrate with the CD\u2013FF hypothesis recent data showing that subcortical motor systems participate in thinking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We review CD\u2013FF concepts in relation to recent evidence that \u2018motor\u2019 brain structures participate in cognitive processing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malfunctioning of CD\u2013FF systems that integrate thinking and consciousness could produce auditory hallucinations, delusions and disorganised thought.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesise that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia lies in integrative circuits of basal ganglia, thalamus and frontal cortex. Fruitful research directions would include elucidation of CD\u2013FF circuits at even higher brain levels, the behaviour of these circuits during dreaming, and their responses to late maturational events including synaptic elimination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.3.196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T05:41:36Z","timestamp":1224049296000},"page":"196-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Schizophrenia \u2013 a disorder of the corollary discharge systems that integrate the motor systems of thought with the sensory systems of consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Irwin","family":"Feinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Guazzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055479"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00010-Q"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199806010-00042"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.103.5.998"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0104"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.1.12"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref48","first-page":"28","article-title":"Maturation of human auditory cortex: laminar cytoarchitecture and axonal ingrowth","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Association of Research Otolaryngology Abstracts"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00622503"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref60","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Physiological Optics","author":"von Heimholtz","year":"1925"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378176a0"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890110103"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-195407000-00024","volume-title":"Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain.","author":"Penfield","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref51","first-page":"237","article-title":"The mind and the highest brain-mechanism","volume":"43","author":"Penfield","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Scholar"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref15","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Hallucinations","author":"Feinberg","year":"1962"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref30","first-page":"39","article-title":"Naturally occurring neuronal death in vertebrates","volume":"1","author":"Hamburger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neuroscience Commentaries"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800300019002"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref44","first-page":"422","volume-title":"Brain and Conscious Experience","author":"MacKay","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700025873"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700032797"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref39","volume-title":"Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia.","author":"Kraopolin","year":"1919"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09886.x"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref31","first-page":"419","volume-title":"The Thalamus","author":"Hassier","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8683"},{"key":"S0007125000261886_ref58","volume-title":"Lichtenberg. 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