{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:04:42Z","timestamp":1791147882949,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517356800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6697,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subsequent to initial exposure to the use of a psychoactive substance, psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) may or may not develop.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the relationship between the risk factors for initiation and the subsequent misuse of psychoactive substances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lifetime history of illicit substance use and misuse was obtained by telephone interview with 1934 members of female\u2013female twin pairs. We apply a novel model, which estimates the role of genetic and environmental risk factors that influence initiation and those specific to misuse, to three classes of illicit psychoactive substances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The individual-specific environment and family environment influenced the probability of initiation, but only individual-specific environment had an impact on the probability of subsequent misuse. Genetic factors which influence the risk of initiation and of misuse were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aetiological factors that influence drug initiation and subsequent misuse are correlated but not identical. Family environment is an important determinant of risk for drug experimentation. Two classes of genetic risk factors act on the liability to PSUD: those that influence the probability of initiation and those that influence the risk of misuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.4.351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T05:41:36Z","timestamp":1224049296000},"page":"351-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Genetic and environmental risk factors in the aetiology of illicit drug initiation and subsequent misuse in women"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Karkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda A.","family":"Corey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Prescott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90567-2"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950130042005"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref21","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Substance Abuse and Psychopathology","author":"Mirin","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref10","first-page":"117","article-title":"Psychopharmacological effects of cannabis","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Hospital Medicine"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v12n03_03"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800170073010"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref8","volume-title":"Genes, Culture and Personality: an Empirical Approach","author":"Eaves","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000247"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref24","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood","author":"Newcomb","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008022"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810250035004"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230075007"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.8.1016"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb01091.x"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040009001"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.4.345"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.39"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.52"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03372.x"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref22","volume-title":"Mx: Statistical Modeling","author":"Neale","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8018-2"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5340.1068"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref28","first-page":"A159","article-title":"Molecular analysis of twin zygosity using VNTR DNA probes","volume":"43","author":"Spence","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02847.x"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<473::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref32","volume-title":"an Evaluation of Their Validity","author":"Wentland","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519409539970"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref25","first-page":"53","volume-title":"In Twin Research 3: Epidemiological and Clinical Studies, Volume 69C","author":"Pedersen","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07243.x"},{"key":"S0007125000262995_ref29","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2013III\u2013R \u2013 Patient Version (SCID\u2013P)","author":"Spitzer","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000262995","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T20:20:57Z","timestamp":1557433257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000262995\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000262995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.175.4.351","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}}}