{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:50:00Z","timestamp":1775490600641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6120,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to external phobic cues is an effective therapy for panic\/agoraphobia but the value of exposure to interoceptive cues is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomised controlled comparison in panic\/agoraphobia of the effects of (a) external, (b) interoceptive or (c) combined external and interoceptive self-exposure to (d) control subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty out-patients were randomised to a control group or to one of three forms of self-exposure treatment (external, interoceptive, or combined). Each treatment included seven sessions over 10 weeks and daily self-exposure homework. Assessments were at pre- and post-treatment and up to 1 year post-entry. Assessors remained blind during treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The three self-exposure groups improved significantly and similarly at post-treatment and up to 1-year follow-up, and significantly more than did the control subjects. Rates of improvement on main outcome measures averaged 60% at post-treatment and 77% at follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The three methods of self-exposure were equally effective in reducing panic and agoraphobic symptoms in the short- and long-term.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.4.331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,29]],"date-time":"2002-08-29T21:36:18Z","timestamp":1030656978000},"page":"331-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Self-exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"L. M.","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"De Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. L. 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