{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T18:03:45Z","timestamp":1744394625933},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"S40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6120,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common, complex, age-related disorder in which both genetic and environmental factors are important.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To integrate recent studies on genetic and environmental factors in AD into a multi-factorial disease model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disease models to explain gene-environment interaction in cardiovascular disease are related to observations on AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Informative, community-based studies on the genetic epidemiology of AD are rare. Putative risk factors from the Scottish studies include increased paternal age in AD men and coal mining as paternal occupation in both AD and vascular dementia. Migration effects suggest that environmental factors in high-incidence AD areas are important during adult life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The studies summarised do not provide sufficient data to support a single comprehensive disease model of gene-environment interaction in AD. Future studies will require very large (\u2265600) sample sizes, molecular genetic analysis, and environmental data that span neurodevelopment and the period between disease onset and appearance of clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.40.s53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,29]],"date-time":"2002-08-29T21:36:18Z","timestamp":1030656978000},"page":"s53-s59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Early-onset Alzheimer's disease in Scotland: environmental and familial factors"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Lawrence J.","family":"Whalley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.9.809"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.32.1.34"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380515"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.13"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530180051017"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.46.1.8"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.23.4.316"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00121-2"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.Supplement_2.S58"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref4","volume-title":"Deprivation and Health in Scotland.","author":"Carstairs","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref48","first-page":"345","article-title":"Epidemiology of age-related dementias in the Third World and aetiological clues to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"43","author":"Osuntokun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/399a023"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.1.43"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref52","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome \u2013 chromosome 21 nondisjunction may underlie both disorders","volume":"48","author":"Potter","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700034139"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330306","article-title":"Risk factors for late onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case\u2013control study","volume":"32","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349704a0"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0694-180"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref21","first-page":"134","article-title":"Effects of age, sex and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A metaanalysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Metaanalysis Consortium","volume":"278","author":"Farrer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.Supplement_2.S28"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6967.1465"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.4.466"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6746.259"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.6.388"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(93)90012-S"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91425-6","article-title":"Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium drinking water","volume":"i","author":"Martyn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6720.291"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01070-9"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.55"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref82","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Migration and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Presenile Dementia in Scotland","author":"Whalley","year":"1995c"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.33.3.199"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.1977"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.2.170"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref64","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Elements of Molecular Neurobiology","author":"Smith","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90044-5"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.8.1446"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.2.374"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.Supplement_2.S4"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1977.01770200114017"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1707"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.7.3.273"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.6.932"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6809.1019"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072095"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700030373"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.2.184"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000110921"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6879.680"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.1.18","article-title":"Premorbid brain size as a determinant of reserve capacity against intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"154","author":"Mori","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref41","first-page":"55","article-title":"Education and occupation as risk factors for dementias of the Alzheimer and ischemic vascular types","volume":"6","author":"Mortel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.2.264"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0892-345"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1925564"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360614"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198711000-00010"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.97","article-title":"Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a case\u2013control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial","volume":"44","author":"Prince","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/376775a0"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.8.1467"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005461"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540250103019"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530310034029"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01337-X"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199724000-00001"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199724000-00002"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510370056032"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000109682"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.5.401"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91233-4"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref77","first-page":"177","article-title":"The prediction of cognitive decline in late life","volume":"3","author":"Whalley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alzheimer Research"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.3.249"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.6.732"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref54","first-page":"664","article-title":"Evidence for major gene inheritance of Alzheimer disease in families of patients with and without Apolipoprotein E e4","volume":"59","author":"Rao","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/375754a0"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref78","first-page":"261","article-title":"The prevention of cognitive decline in late life","volume":"4","author":"Whalley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alzheimer Research"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6912.1097"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref44","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Education and other socioeconomic determinants of dementia and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"43","author":"Mortimer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.2.276"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref33","first-page":"191","article-title":"Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on the transmission of Alzheimer's disease in a community based sample","volume":"58","author":"Jarvik","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6812.1215"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.6.728"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.6.383"},{"key":"S0007125000265835_ref49","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Linkage studies in familial Alzheimer's disease: evidence for chromosome 19 linkage","volume":"48","author":"Pericak-Vance","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000265835","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T19:42:28Z","timestamp":1704570148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000265835\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000265835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.178.40.s53","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]}}}