{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T19:22:48Z","timestamp":1763580168780},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"S40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6120,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous investigations into the impact of birth complications and social environment have generally followed their subjects only at young ages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the long-range impact of socio-economic status (SES) and birth risks on the development of emotional and nervous conditions through adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Johns Hopkins Pathways Study interviewed 1824 subjects born between 1960 and 1965. The median household income of the children at age 7\u20138 years was used to divide the cohort into high and low income categories. Differences in lifetime prevalence of emotional and nervous conditions through adulthood between the two income groups were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children in the lower income group were 1.86 times more likely to report an emotional or nervous condition in adult life. Boys in the lower income group at age 7\u20138 years were 3.2 times more likely to do so. The risks of difficult birth for adult mental disturbance were accentuated in the low-income group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children who experience birth complications are at increased risk of developing adult mental disturbances; this increase is mitigated by higher SES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.40.s78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,29]],"date-time":"2002-08-29T21:36:18Z","timestamp":1030656978000},"page":"s78-s83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Longitudinal study assessing the joint effects of socio-economic status and birth risks on adult emotional and nervous conditions"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Angela P.","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.45.5_Pt_1.637"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.3.454","article-title":"Infant health and development program for low birth weight, premature infants: program elements, family participation, and child intelligence","volume":"89","author":"Ramey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref31","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Handbook of Early Intervention","author":"Werner","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref28","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Textbook of Psychiatry","author":"Shapiro","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.2.177","article-title":"The interaction of social class and other factors in the etiology of schizophrenia","volume":"133","author":"Kohn","year":"1976","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref30","first-page":"127","article-title":"Epidemiological indicators of the origins of behavior disturbance as measured by the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides","volume":"97","author":"Stott","year":"1978","journal-title":"General Psychological Monographs"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.112.8.613"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.1.80"},{"key":"S0007125000265872_ref16","volume-title":"Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders. 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