{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:11:50Z","timestamp":1791144710845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5998,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twin studies demonstrate the importance of genes and environment in the aetiology of childhood psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Advances in molecular genetics enable the identification of genes involved in complex disorders and enable the study of molecular mechanisms and gene\u2013environment interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the role of molecular genetics studies in childhood behavioural and developmental traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molecular approaches to complex disorders are reviewed, with examples from autism, reading disability and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most robust finding in ADHD is the association of a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in exon 3 of the <jats:italic>DRD4<\/jats:italic> gene. Other replicated associations with ADHD are outlined in the text. In autism, there is a replicated linkage finding on chromosome 7. Linkage studies in reading disability have confirmed a locus on chromosome 6 and strongly suggest one on chromosome 15.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the next 5\u201310 years susceptibility genes for these disorders will be established. Describing their relationship to biological and behavioural function will be a far greater challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.2.122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,29]],"date-time":"2002-08-29T21:36:18Z","timestamp":1030656978000},"page":"122-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Approaches to gene mapping in complex disorders and their application in child psychiatry and psychology"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Asherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000457"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000432"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211841"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref37","first-page":"27","article-title":"Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15","volume":"60","author":"Grigorenko","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302191"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref32","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Multipoint interval mapping of quantitative trait loci, using sib pairs","volume":"56","author":"Fulker","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000420"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00422"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02359758"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1987.tb00875.x"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91384-X"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000003810"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000510"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/329537a0"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.3.571"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011558"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02212936"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750270114018"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090056010"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026048320785"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000708"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108401069"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000399"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4427"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.6.861"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curran S. , Mill J. , Tahir E. , et al (2001b) Association study of a dopamine transporter polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK and Turkish samples. Molecular Psychiatry, in press.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000914"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000796"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6301"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref42","first-page":"439","article-title":"Complete multipoint sib-pair analysis of qualitative and quantitative traits","volume":"57","author":"Kruglyak","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curran S. , Mill J. , Sham P. , et al (2001a) QTL association analysis of the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism in a population sample of children screened with a parent rating scale for ADHD symptoms. American Journal of Medical Genetics, in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1366"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021667213066"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1987.tb03337.x"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mill J. , Curran S. , Kent L. , et al (2001) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene: evidence of association but no linkage in a UK sample. Molecular Psychiatry, in press.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000881"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(99)01397-9"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref3","first-page":"3","article-title":"SNP attacks on complex traits (editorial)","volume":"20","author":"Anon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057149"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.21.6465-a"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301816"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purcell S. , Cherney S. S. , Hewitt J. K. , et al (2001) Optimal sibship selection for genotyping in QTL Linkage Analysis. Human Heridity, in press.","DOI":"10.1159\/000053350"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302190"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0496-427"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7777857"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066731"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.2.105"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199609000-00019"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4482"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.5.805"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8209254"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302497"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000777"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119100500102"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref58","volume-title":"Behavioural Genetics","author":"Plomin","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraone S. V. , Doyle A. E. , Mick E. , et al (2001) Meta-analysis of the association between the dopamine D4 gene 7-repeat allele and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics, in press.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1052"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199007000-00004"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref70","first-page":"983","article-title":"The TDT and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association","volume":"59","author":"Spielman","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026056522602"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.5.843"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85776"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939663"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<609::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"An autosomal genomic screen for autism. Collaborative linkage study of autism","volume":"88","author":"Barrett","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01779.x"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref72","first-page":"537","article-title":"Linkage of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"39","author":"Sunohara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000744"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00423"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1195-241"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale P. S. , Simonoff E. , Bishop D. V. M. , et al (1998) Genetic influence on language delay in two-year-old children. Nature America, 1\u20134, 324\u2013328.","DOI":"10.1038\/1142"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.8.769"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302560"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref78","volume-title":"Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD\u201310)","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302193"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6828864"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000354"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066239"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35015718"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref51","volume-title":"Seminars in Psychiatric Genetics.","author":"McGuffin","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000266531_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916694"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000266531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T23:37:18Z","timestamp":1557272238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000266531\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000266531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.179.2.122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}}}