{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:20:10Z","timestamp":1789388410859,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5876,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased risk of affective disorder in learning disability has been reported, although the extent to which this is due to adverse social and material circumstances is uncertain and there have been potential limitations in the measurement of affective disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine risk of affective disorder in those classified with mild learning disability in the British 1946 birth cohort and to investigate whether this risk was accounted for by disadvantage in childhood and adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Learning disability was defined as the equivalent of an IQ \u2264 69 at age 15 years. The Present State Examination at age 36 years and the Psychiatric Symptom Frequency Scale at age 43 years provided psychiatric outcome measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Learning disability was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of affective disorder, not accounted for by social and material disadvantage or by medical disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Learning disability is strongly associated with risk of affective disorder, persisting well into midlife.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.6.523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,29]],"date-time":"2002-08-29T21:36:18Z","timestamp":1030656978000},"page":"523-527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Long-term affective disorder in people with mild learning disability"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Maughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Strydom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wadsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref20","volume-title":"The Imprint of Time: Childhood, History and Adult Life","author":"Wadsworth","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008058"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref11","volume-title":"Classification of Occupations","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref16","volume-title":"Education, Health and Behaviour","author":"Rutter","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.1.75"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref21","first-page":"300","article-title":"Loss and representativeness in a 43 year follow-up of a national birth cohort","volume":"46","author":"Wadsworth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref23","volume-title":"Present State Examination","author":"Wing","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref22","volume-title":"The PSE\u2013ID\u2013CATEGO System: Supplementary Manual","author":"Wing","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830190049005"},{"key":"S0007125000160088_ref3","volume-title":"Valuing People. 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