{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:17:51Z","timestamp":1790000271593,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5449,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It has been argued that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a timeless condition, which existed before it was codified in modern diagnostic classifications but was described by different names such as \u2018railway spine\u2019 and \u2018shellshock\u2019. Others have suggested that PTSD is a novel presentation that has resulted from a modern interaction between trauma and culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test whether one core symptom of PTSD, the flashback, has altered in prevalence over time in soldiers subjected to the intense stress of combat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Random selections were made of UK servicemen who had fought in wars from 1854 onwards and who had been awarded war pensions for post-combat disorders. These were studied to evaluate the incidence of flashbacks in defined, at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of flash backs was significantly greater in the most recent cohort, veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War; flashbacks were conspicuous by their absence in ex-servicemen from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although this study raises questions about changing interpretations of post-traumatic illness, it supports the hypothesis that some of the characteristics of PTSD are culture-bound. Earlier conflicts showed a greater emphasis on somatic symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.2.158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]],"date-time":"2003-02-03T15:46:47Z","timestamp":1044287207000},"page":"158-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Flashbacks and post-traumatic stress disorder: the genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Hodgins","family":"Vermaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Mccartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Beech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Hyams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Wessely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref31","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder","author":"Young","year":"1995"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229409017088"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref29","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Trauma and its Wake, The Study and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","author":"Trimble","year":"1985"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.4.448","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder among frontline soldiers with combat stress reaction: the 1982 Israeli experience","volume":"144","author":"Solomon","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(99)90115-3"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700026799"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(96)00091-8"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.1.92"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226477541.001.0001"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209501004"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref17","volume-title":"Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation","author":"Kulka","year":"1990"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.161.6.742"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00077-8"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00385-3"},{"key":"S000712500026981X_ref7","unstructured":"Anon. 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