{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:50:42Z","timestamp":1783453842831,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"S44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5480,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Though contentious, the diagnosis of personality disorders in persons with learning disability is clinically relevant because it affects many aspects of management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine published literature on the diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Selective review with computerised (Medline, Embase and PsychInfo) and manual literature searches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The variation in the cooccurrence of personality disorder in learning disability, with prevalence ranging from less than 1% to 91% in a community setting and 22% to 92% in hospital settings, is very great and too large to be explained by real differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability is complex and difficult, particularly in those with severe disability Developing consensus diagnostic criteria, specific for various developmental levels, is one way forward. Such criteria may need to include objective proxy measures such as behavioural observations and informant accounts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.44.s28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,31]],"date-time":"2002-12-31T23:22:00Z","timestamp":1041376920000},"page":"s28-s31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Regi","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherva","family":"Cooray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref27","first-page":"68","article-title":"A four stage model for management of borderline personality disorder in people with mental retardation","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref25","volume-title":"Diagnostic Criteria in Learning Disability (DC\u2013LD)","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref24","first-page":"578","article-title":"Prevalence of dual diagnosis in community based day programmes in the Chicago metropolitan area","volume":"94","author":"Reiss","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Retardation"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700000799"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/096979502799104210"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref20","first-page":"89","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of borderline personality disorder in persons with developmental disability \u2013 3 case reports","volume":"3","author":"Mavromatis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700041337"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref18","volume-title":"Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults","author":"Matson","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1997.tb00716.x"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref16","first-page":"596","article-title":"Do some mental disorders occur less frequently among persons with mental retardation?","volume":"94","author":"Jacobson","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Retardation"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.10.1297","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnosis in the mentally retarded: types, problems and challenges","volume":"139","author":"Eaton","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref8","first-page":"829","article-title":"Mental disorder in the defective","volume":"63","author":"Craft","year":"1959","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref28","volume-title":"Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD\u201310)","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.4.577a"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500200014003"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref23","volume-title":"Reiss Screen Test Manual","author":"Reiss","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.46.8.828","article-title":"Six cases of patients with mental retardation who have anti-social personality disorder","volume":"46","author":"Hurley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (4th edn) (DSM\u2013IV)","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00520.x"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.543"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.1.108"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref26","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Personality Disorder Reviewed","author":"Tyrer","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref14","first-page":"115","article-title":"Psychiatric illness among the mildly mentally retarded","volume":"44","author":"Gostasson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Upsala Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.147.6.660"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14636646200200013"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.6.830"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1992.tb00533.x"},{"key":"S0007125000159276_ref7","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Psychiatric Illness and Mental Handicap","author":"Corbett","year":"1979"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000159276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T19:52:10Z","timestamp":1557172330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000159276\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S44","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000159276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.182.44.s28","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}