{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:39:09Z","timestamp":1792697949719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125017000095_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is limited evidence on the prevalence and identification of antenatal mental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125017000095_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the prevalence of mental disorders in early pregnancy and the diagnostic accuracy of depression-screening (Whooley) questions compared with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), against the Structured Clinical Interview DSM-IV-TR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125017000095_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional survey of women responding to Whooley questions asked at their first antenatal appointment. Women responding positively and a random sample of women responding negatively were invited to participate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125017000095_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population prevalence was 27% (95% CI 22\u201332): 11% (95% CI 8\u201314) depression; 15% (95% CI 11\u201319) anxiety disorders; 2% (95% CI 1\u20134) obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder; 0.8% (95% CI 0\u20131) post-traumatic stress disorder; 2% (95% CI 0.4\u20133) eating disorders; 0.3% (95% CI 0.1\u20131) bipolar disorder I, 0.3% (95% CI 0.1\u20131%) bipolar disorder II; 0.7% (95% CI 0\u20131) borderline personality disorder. For identification of depression, likelihood ratios were 8.2 (Whooley) and 9.8 (EPDS). Diagnostic accuracy was similar in identifying any disorder (likelihood ratios 5.8 and 6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125017000095_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endorsement of Whooley questions in pregnancy indicates the need for a clinical assessment of diagnosis and could be implemented when maternity professionals have been appropriately trained on how to ask the questions sensitively, in settings where a clear referral and care pathway is available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125017000095_sec_a6\"><jats:title>Declaration of interest<\/jats:title><jats:p>L.M.H. chaired the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence CG192 guidelines development group on antenatal and postnatal mental health in 2012\u20132014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2017.9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T03:08:04Z","timestamp":1515467284000},"page":"50-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Accuracy of the Whooley questions and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in identifying depression and other mental disorders in early pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"212","author":[{"given":"Louise Michele","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth 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