{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:47:46Z","timestamp":1784155666270,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125020002329_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychotropics are overprescribed for adults with intellectual disabilities; there are few studies in children and young people.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125020002329_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate antipsychotic and antidepressant prescribing in children and young people with and without intellectual disabilities, and prescribing trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125020002329_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scotland's annual Pupil Census, which identifies pupils with and without intellectual disabilities, was record-linked to the Prescribing Information System. Antidepressant and antipsychotic data were extracted. Logistic regression was used to analyse prescribing between 2010 and 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125020002329_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 704 297 pupils, 16 142 (2.29%) had a record of intellectual disabilities. Antipsychotic and antidepressant use increased over time, and was higher in older pupils; antipsychotic use was higher in boys, and antidepressant use was higher in girls. Overall, antipsychotics were prescribed to 281 (1.74%) pupils with intellectual disabilities and 802 (0.12%) without (adjusted odds ratio 16.85, 95% CI 15.29\u201318.56). The higher use among those with intellectual disabilities fell each year (adjusted odds ratio 20.19 in 2010 <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 14.24 in 2013). Overall, 191 (1.18%) pupils with intellectual disabilities and 4561 (0.66%) without were prescribed antidepressants (adjusted odds ratio 2.28, 95% CI 2.03\u20132.56). The difference decreased each year (adjusted odds ratio 3.10 in 2010 <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 2.02 in 2013).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125020002329_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significantly more pupils with intellectual disabilities are prescribed antipsychotics and antidepressants than are other pupils. Prescribing overall increased over time, but less so for pupils with intellectual disabilities; either they are not receiving the same treatment advances as other pupils, or possible overprescribing in the past is changing. More longitudinal data are required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T10:41:35Z","timestamp":1609152095000},"page":"58-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antipsychotic and antidepressant prescribing for 704 297 children and young people with and without intellectual disabilities: record linkage study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"218","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6146-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Kinnear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Greenlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Young-Southward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8898-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill P.","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally-Ann","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125020002329_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00248.x"},{"key":"S0007125020002329_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.07.001"},{"key":"S0007125020002329_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.12.004"},{"key":"S0007125020002329_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4326"},{"key":"S0007125020002329_ref18","unstructured":"18 Joint Formulary Committee. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}