{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:01:01Z","timestamp":1790316061349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81171488, 81671669 and 81820108018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81171488, 81671669 and 81820108018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125021001033_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous syndrome. Identifying discrete subtypes of illness with distinguishing neurobiological substrates and clinical features is a promising strategy for guiding personalised therapeutics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125021001033_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to identify depression subtypes with correlated patterns of functional network connectivity and clinical symptoms by clustering patients according to a weighted linear combination of both features in a relatively large, medication-na\u00efve depression sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125021001033_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 115 medication-na\u00efve adults with MDD and 129 matched healthy controls, and evaluated all participants with magnetic resonance imaging. We used regularised canonical correlation analysis to identify component mapping relationships between functional network connectivity and symptom profiles, and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>-means clustering was used to define distinct subtypes of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125021001033_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two subtypes of MDD were identified: insomnia-dominated subtype 1 and anhedonia-dominated subtype 2. Subtype 1 was characterised by abnormal hyperconnectivity within the ventral attention network and sleep maintenance insomnia. Subtype 2 was characterised by abnormal hypoconnectivity in the subcortical and dorsal attention networks, and prominent anhedonia symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125021001033_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study identified two distinct subtypes of patients with specific neurobiological and clinical symptom profiles. These findings advance understanding of the biological and clinical heterogeneity of MDD, offering a pathway for defining categorical subtypes of illness via consideration of both biological and clinical features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T07:50:31Z","timestamp":1627631431000},"page":"606-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Data-driven clustering differentiates subtypes of major depressive disorder with distinct brain connectivity and symptom features"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1886-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5912-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiyong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.099"},{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.12.019"},{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2358"},{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.04.028"},{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04648-0"},{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.193"},{"key":"S0007125021001033_ref17","first-page":"79","article-title":"Principle component analysis and partial least squares: two dimension reduction techniques for regression","volume":"79","author":"Maitra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}