{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:45:58Z","timestamp":1787021158488,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125021000155_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low birth weight is associated with adult mental health, cognitive and socioeconomic problems. However, the causal nature of these associations remains difficult to establish owing to confounding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125021000155_sec_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the contribution of birth weight to adult mental health, cognitive and socioeconomic outcomes using two-sample Mendelian randomisation, an instrumental variable approach strengthening causal inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125021000155_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used 48 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic instruments for birth weight (genome-wide association studies\u2019 total sample:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 264 498) and considered mental health (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, suicide attempt), cognitive (intelligence) and socioeconomic (educational attainment, income, social deprivation) outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125021000155_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found evidence for a contribution of birth weight to ADHD (OR for 1 s.d. unit decrease (~464 g) in birth weight, 1.29; 95% CI 1.03\u20131.62), PTSD (OR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.06\u20132.71) and suicide attempt (OR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.05\u20131.84), as well as for intelligence (\u03b2 = \u22120.07; 95% CI \u22120.13 to \u22120.02) and socioeconomic outcomes, i.e. educational attainment (\u03b2 = \u22120.05; 95% CI \u22120.09 to \u22120.01), income (\u03b2 = \u22120.08; 95% CI \u22120.15 to \u22120.02) and social deprivation (\u03b2 = 0.08; 95% CI 0.03\u20130.13). However, no evidence was found for a contribution of birth weight to the other examined mental health outcomes. Results were consistent across a wide range of sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125021000155_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the hypothesis that birth weight could be an important element on the causal pathway to mental health, cognitive and socioeconomic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T04:19:42Z","timestamp":1613362782000},"page":"507-514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Contribution of birth weight to mental health, cognitive and socioeconomic outcomes: two-sample Mendelian randomisation"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Orri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Pingault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Turecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Monique","family":"Nuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvana M.","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Geoffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz204"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy015"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30077-X"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0059-2"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01765"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3161"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020061"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143693"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00234-2"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.09.035"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00622-7"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020138"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4342"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1374"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1645"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0356-y"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12949"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0152-6"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036191"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0020-3"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0403-1"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251872"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.100"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210403"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.77"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000682"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208180109"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.5.625"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg118"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.02.001"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2598"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.139014"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOS1866"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000076"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0218-y"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033352"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref40","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.04.058"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.138"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1367.026"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000317"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002974"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1505508"},{"key":"S0007125021000155_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2018.65"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125021000155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T02:57:16Z","timestamp":1629860236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125021000155\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125021000155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2021.15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}