{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:57:13Z","timestamp":1777939033019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012068","name":"Health and Care Research Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/KO232331\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/KO232331\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00022\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00022\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR PHR 17\/97\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR PHR 17\/97\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011417","name":"United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPHSU16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPHSU16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209158\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209158\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125023000910_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis has been associated with poorer mental health, but little is known of the effect of synthetic cannabinoids or cannabidiol (often referred to as CBD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125023000910_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate associations of cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol with mental health in adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125023000910_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis with 13- to 14-year-old adolescents across England and Wales in 2019\u20132020. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association of lifetime use of cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol with self-reported symptoms of probable depression, anxiety, conduct disorder and auditory hallucinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125023000910_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 6672 adolescents who participated, 5.2% reported using of cannabis, 1.9% reported using cannabidiol and 0.6% reported using synthetic cannabinoids. After correction for multiple testing, adolescents who had used these substances were significantly more likely to report a probable depressive, anxiety or conduct disorder, as well as auditory hallucinations, than those who had not. Adjustment for socioeconomic disadvantage had little effect on associations, but weekly tobacco use resulted in marked attenuation of associations. The association of cannabis use with probable anxiety and depressive disorders was weaker in those who reported using cannabidiol than those who did not. There was little evidence of an interaction between synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125023000910_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To our knowledge, this study provides the first general population evidence that synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol are associated with probable mental health disorders in adolescence. These associations require replication, ideally with prospective cohorts and stronger study designs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T10:33:31Z","timestamp":1690194811000},"page":"478-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Association of cannabis, cannabidiol and synthetic cannabinoid use with mental health in UK adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7940-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Hotham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Cannings-John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jemma","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Bonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Zammit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey A.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Adara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Townson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref18","article-title":"The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study","author":"Forti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.070904"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00161-4"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.02.009"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200007000-00018"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2690"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001038"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30071-2"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref12","volume-title":"Psychoactive Substances Act 2016","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0007125023000910_ref16","unstructured":"16 White J, Hawkins J, Townson Julia, Smallman K, Cannings-John R, Parrott S, et al. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}