{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:00:08Z","timestamp":1785524408167,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125024002289_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Discipline is a crucial aspect of parenting, shaping child development and behaviour. Time-out, a widely used disciplinary strategy with a strong evidence-base, has recently come under scrutiny with concerns about potential adverse effects on children's emotional development and attachment, particularly for those with a history of adversity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125024002289_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To contribute critical empirical insights to the current controversy surrounding time-out by exploring the associations among time-out implementation, parent\u2013child attachment and child mental health, and whether adversity exposure moderated these associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125024002289_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study utilised a nationally representative sample of 474 primary caregivers in Australia, with children aged 6\u20138 years, who completed an online survey. Measures included the Implementation of Time-out Scale, Adverse Life Experiences Scale, Primary Attachment Style Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and Spence Child Anxiety Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125024002289_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Appropriately implemented time-out was associated with enhanced mental health and attachment, while inappropriate time-out correlated with adverse child outcomes. Exposure to adversity moderated the relationship between time-out implementation and child well-being, such that children exposed to adversity were most likely to experience attachment enhancement from appropriately implemented time-out.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0007125024002289_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite recent concerns of harm caused by time-out, particularly for children with a history of adversity, findings support the beneficial impact of time-out on child well-being and attachment when implemented in accordance with evidence-based parameters. Combatting misinformation and disseminating evidence-based time-out guidelines is crucial for promoting child well-being and attachment, especially for children who have experienced adversity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2024.228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T02:34:28Z","timestamp":1733366068000},"page":"538-544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Time-out under scrutiny: examining the relationships among the discipline strategy time-out, child well-being and attachment and exposure to adversity"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Roach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mendoza Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales"},{"name":"Tasmanian Health Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dadds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref9","volume-title":"Time Magazine","author":"Siegel","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015620819"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/etc.0.0091"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07317107.2017.1307677"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref10","volume-title":"Time Magazine","author":"Lapointe","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00015"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.5b00599"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/XPS.2015.19"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429056765"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106089"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2004.01427.x"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221076644"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9201-9"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.483"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2015.57075"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010145"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00200-6"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00725.x"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01252-0"},{"key":"S0007125024002289_ref15","unstructured":"15 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 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