{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:05:45Z","timestamp":1792461945140,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125025104753_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is associated with various adverse long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025104753_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to examine the independent associations between ADHD symptoms at age 14\u201316 years and long-term mental health and psychosocial functioning outcomes in a 40-year birth cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025104753_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Study members from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a population-based New Zealand birth cohort study (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1265 at birth) were followed to age 40 years. Generalised estimating equations were used to model associations between ADHD symptoms at age 14\u201316 years and outcomes at age 18\u201340. Adjusted models were fitted to account for confounding by antecedent individual and familial risk factors, and coexisting symptoms of conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025104753_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents in the highest quartile for ADHD symptoms at age 14\u201316 years were at elevated risk of substance use disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, criminal offending and unemployment across early adulthood. They also had lower income, home ownership, relationship stability and living standards. The size of these associations attenuated after adjusting for confounding factors and the effect of coexisting conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. However, in adjusted models, ADHD symptoms remained associated with elevated odds of substance use and criminal offending outcomes, with odds ratios ranging from 1.4 to 1.6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025104753_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher levels of adolescent ADHD symptoms are associated with substance use problems and criminal offending in adulthood. Long-term secondary prevention activities are needed to detect and manage coexisting problems among adults with a history of ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2025.10475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:08:49Z","timestamp":1764576529000},"page":"410-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term outcomes associated with adolescent ADHD symptomatology: birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Foulds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Boden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute"},{"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-2959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie M.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Pettie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse T.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mairin R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury"},{"name":"University of Canterbury"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jmxt844","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.2.117"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714566076"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713486516"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2768-1_6"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(57)80257-1"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70302-5"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref21","volume-title":"Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for OECD Countries Since 1980","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.3.224"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref22","volume-title":"ELSI Short Form: User Manual for a Direct Measure of Living Standards","author":"Jensen","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008596"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsiml.2022.100071"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metip.2024.100140"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211013094"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1001-0_8"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2021.23"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2337"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070966"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref28","volume-title":"Assessment and Support Services for People with ADHD","year":"2023"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351733"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.15380"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2013.841544"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2907"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1983.12085039"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02000-9"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30312-6"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.11.016"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19991015)18:19<2655::AID-SIM202>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref23","volume-title":"The Material Wellbeing of New Zealand Households: Trends and Relativities Using Non-income Measures, with International Comparisons","author":"Perry","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref14","volume-title":"Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC)","author":"Costello","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref34","first-page":"23","article-title":"Dispensing of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications for adults in Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"137","author":"Beaglehole","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"S0007125025104753_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.08.033"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125025104753","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:28:17Z","timestamp":1792135697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125025104753\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125025104753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2025.10475","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}