{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:34:50Z","timestamp":1792136090661,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125025000303_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the past decade, no meta-analytical estimates of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescents have been published, despite a host of new prevalence studies and updated DSM-5 criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025000303_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We set out to estimate the prevalence rates of PTSD in trauma-exposed children and adolescents on the basis of DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria, and investigate differences in prevalence across trauma type, gender, time since exposure, type of informant and diagnostic measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025000303_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies identified in a previous meta-analysis were combined with more recent studies retrieved in a new systematic literature search, resulting in a total of 95 studies describing 64 independent samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6745 for DSM-IV,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12\u00a0644 for DSM-5) over a 30-year period. Three-level random-effects models were used to estimate prevalence for DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria separately, and for testing coded variables as moderators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025000303_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DSM-IV meta-analysis estimated a PTSD prevalence of 20.3% (95% CI 14.9\u201326.2%) using 56 samples with age range 0\u201318 years, and revealed moderating effects of gender, trauma type and diagnostic interview type. The DSM-5 meta-analysis found an overall prevalence of 12.0% (95% CI 3.7\u201324.2%) using eight samples with age range 1\u201318 years. There was insufficient data for moderation analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125025000303_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although most trauma-exposed children and adolescents do not develop PTSD, a significant proportion (20% under DSM-IV criteria and 12% under DSM-5 criteria) do, particularly girls and individuals exposed to interpersonal trauma. These findings highlight the urgent need of continuous efforts in prevention, early trauma-related screening, and effective diagnostics and treatment to address the substantial burden of PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2025.30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T06:43:34Z","timestamp":1747118614000},"page":"465-473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Post-traumatic stress disorder rates in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: updated three-level meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8036-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Visser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Center"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malindi","family":"van der Mheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Center"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Dorsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Knipschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karakter"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke","family":"Staaks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Center"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam"},{"name":"Karakter"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Staal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karakter"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre"},{"name":"Leiden University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Assink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n J. 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2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}