{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:38:41Z","timestamp":1785425921952,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0007125026107077_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Central nervous system stimulants like methamphetamines and cocaine are known to increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in adults. However, the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on neonatal cerebrovascular outcomes remain underexplored despite its growing prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125026107077_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether prenatal methamphetamine exposure increases offspring ICH risk versus unexposed pregnancies, and to compare findings with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)\/opioid exposures, including stratification by gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125026107077_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan included pregnancies resulting in live births between 2004 and 2018, and followed offspring through 31 December 2019 to examine the association between prenatal exposure to methamphetamines, MDMA or opioids and incident ICH in offspring. The cohort included 53 455 pairs of pregnant women and their first offspring, with 10 691 exposed to illicit drugs and 42 764 matched controls. Cox proportional hazards models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs), accounting for maternal age, comorbidities, socioeconomic status and other confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125026107077_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prenatal methamphetamine exposure was associated with a higher risk of ICH in offspring compared with unexposed controls (0.4\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 0.2%, aHR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.79). This elevated risk persisted among those exclusively exposed to methamphetamines (aHR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.04\u20133.29). No statistically significant association was observed for MDMA (0.2\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 0.2%; aHR = 1.58, 95% CI 0.64\u20133.93;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.324) or illicit opioids (0.4\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 0.2%; aHR = 1.43, 95% CI 0.81\u20132.53;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.214). Stratified analyses showed methamphetamine exposure increased ICH risk among full-term infants (aHR = 4.30, 95% CI 2.08\u20138.88), with no statistically significant association observed in preterm infants (aHR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.52\u20131.93).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0007125026107077_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal methamphetamine exposure was associated with a higher risk of offspring ICH, particularly among full-term infants. These findings support the importance of efforts to reduce methamphetamine use during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2026.10707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:26:02Z","timestamp":1784024762000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between prenatal methamphetamine exposure and intracranial haemorrhage in neonates and infants: nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1192","author":[{"given":"Ching-Heng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital"},{"name":"Fu Jen Catholic University College of Medicine"},{"name":"Tunghai University"},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei City Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Szu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yen","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Huei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r6fpx29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Health Research Institutes"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiow-Ing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r6fpx29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Health Research Institutes"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bqach95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Taiwan University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00944ve71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Central University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r6fpx29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Health Research Institutes"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref9","first-page":"136","article-title":"Global methamphetamine trends: an evolving problem","volume":"28","author":"Stoneberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Crim Just Rev"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208063270607","article-title":"Effect of cocaine use on the fetus","volume":"327","author":"Volpe","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regional differences in the drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2017","volume":"68","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.5.733"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.04.008"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref19","first-page":"364","article-title":"Adverse effects on birth weight of parental illegal drug use during pregnancy and within two years before pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165207"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01271-8"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09730.x"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450507"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref20","first-page":"S81","article-title":"Neonatal management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Mohsin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pakist Med Assoc"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref24","first-page":"467","article-title":"Cocaine, pregnancy, and postpartum intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"73","author":"Mercado","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262235"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1397677"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81372-1"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.029"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390070077027"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09872"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2303347"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160061"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3225"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.3540"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884711666161010164435"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181c1b176"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100619"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80896-4"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf046"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03592-w"},{"key":"S0007125026107077_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80661-4"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125026107077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:26:04Z","timestamp":1784024764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125026107077\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0007125026107077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2026.10707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}