{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:02:26Z","timestamp":1789380146149,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self-harm among young people is rising worldwide and spreads through peer networks. We apply Tinbergen\u2019s four questions \u2013 a framework from evolutionary biology applicable to all biological phenomena \u2013 to argue that group self-harm may be an ancient ritual process that has become dangerous when severed from the cultural structures that once contained it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2026.10783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:03:34Z","timestamp":1789376614000},"page":"1-3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-harm as ritual: evolutionary perspective"],"prefix":"10.1192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2672-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Sornarajah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05drfg619","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"Swanepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North East London NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref7","first-page":"287","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence","author":"Wilson","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612472910"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.1126"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0419"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appsy.2008.05.004"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref1","unstructured":"1 NHS Digital. Hospital Admissions for Intentional Self-poisoning and Self-harm: Young People. NHS Digital, 2020 (https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/supplementary-information\/2020\/hospital-admissions-for-intentional-self-poisoning-and-self-harm-amongst-young-people)."},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref4","first-page":"2","article-title":"Tinbergen\u2019s four questions: two proximate, two evolutionary","volume":"1","author":"Nesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Health"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref5","volume-title":"Raising Parents: Attachment, Representation, and Treatment","author":"Crittenden","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0007125026107831_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00190"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125026107831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:03:38Z","timestamp":1789376618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125026107831\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":9,"alternative-id":["S0007125026107831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2026.10783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}