{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:17:25Z","timestamp":1790183845082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4264,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Theories regarding how spontaneous panic and agoraphobia relate are based mostly on cross-sectional and\/or clinic data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine how spontaneous panic and agoraphobia relate longitudinally, and to estimate the incidence rate of and other possible risk factors for first-onset agoraphobia, using a general population cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of 1920 adults in east Baltimore were assessed in 1981 -1982 and the mid-1990s with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Psychiatristdiagnoses were made in a subset of the sample at follow-up (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=816).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-one new cases of DIS\/DSM\u2013III\u2013R agoraphobia were identified (about 2 per 1000 person-years at risk). As expected, baseline DIS\/DSM-III panic disorder predicted first incidence of agoraphobia (OR=12, 95% CI 3.2-45), as did younger age, female gender and other phobias. Importantly, baseline agoraphobia without spontaneous panic attacks also predicted first incidence of panic disorder (OR=3.9, 95% CI 1.8-8.4). Longitudinal relationships between panic disorder and psychiatrist-confirmed agoraphobia were strong (panic before agoraphobia OR=20, 95% CI 2.3\u2013180; agoraphobia before panic OR=16, 95% CI 3.2\u201378).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The implied one-way causal relationship between spontaneous panic attacks and agoraphobia in DSM\u2013IV appears incorrect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.010827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T18:53:23Z","timestamp":1146250403000},"page":"432-438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Agoraphobia in adults: Incidence and longitudinal relationship with panic"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"O. Joseph","family":"Bienvenu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiadi U.","family":"Onyike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Shiun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Nestadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.2.182"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.6.501"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810210027004"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref11","first-page":"448","volume-title":"DSM-IV Sourcebook","author":"Craske","year":"1996"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050117"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200209000-00008"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91340-6"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000012345"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210016003"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref6","first-page":"187","article-title":"The phenomenological study of 90 patients with panic disorder","volume":"3","author":"Argyle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatric Developments"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077741"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(80)90043-7"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006955"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-091798-6.50020-8"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.10.1496","article-title":"Agoraphobia without panic: clinical reappraisal of an epidemiologic finding","volume":"150","author":"Horwath","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.921"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00047-5"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref27","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders","author":"Marks","year":"1987b"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1980"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00179-2"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.12.1564","article-title":"Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia","volume":"145","author":"Fava","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref26","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders","author":"Marks","year":"1987a"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-091798-6.50015-4"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.536"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref33","first-page":"787","article-title":"The relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: an epidemiologic perspective","volume":"22","author":"Weissman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810180089012"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref36","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research","year":"1993"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.1017"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref30","first-page":"217","article-title":"Response error and the estimation of lifetime prevalence and incidence of alcoholism: experience in a community survey","volume":"2","author":"Rubio-Stipec","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S000712500023153X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110042006"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S000712500023153X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T16:22:39Z","timestamp":1556814159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S000712500023153X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S000712500023153X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.010827","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}}}