{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:18:04Z","timestamp":1773325084595,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3410,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred years ago psychiatrists thought that ear disease could cause insanity by irritation of the brain. Current understanding of the role of the temporal lobes in schizophrenia and their proximity to the middle ear supports this hypothesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To establish the rate of middle-ear disease pre-dating the onset of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-four patients with schizophrenia were each matched to four non-psychiatric controls by age, gender and season of birth. History of ear disease was obtained from general practice records. Additional information on symptoms was collected for participants in the case group, who also had audiometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The odds ratio of recorded middle-ear disease pre-dating schizophrenia was 3.68 (95% CI 1.86\u20137.28). This excess was particularly marked on the left (OR=4.15, 95% CI 2.08\u20138.29). Auditory hallucinations were associated with middle-ear disease but not with hearing loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an association between middle-ear disease and schizophrenia which may have aetiological significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.052795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,31]],"date-time":"2008-08-31T23:12:48Z","timestamp":1220224368000},"page":"192-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Middle-ear disease and schizophrenia: case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Richman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gagan","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia G.","family":"Mottram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref20","volume-title":"The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms","author":"Wing","year":"1974"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1969.tb03853.x"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.2.262"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/305527a0"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.129.3.216"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.968487"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(86)90285-4"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref5","article-title":"Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of old age","volume":"2","author":"Cooper","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.4.346"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.2.205","article-title":"Psychotic states arising in late life (late paraphrenia). The role of risk factors","volume":"166","author":"Almeida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4924-9_8"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref13","volume-title":"Hall and Colmans' Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, and Head and Neck","author":"Colman","year":"1992"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700017608"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(76)90035-0"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref27","volume-title":"Pathology of the Nervous System","volume":"3","author":"Nieto","year":"1972"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700027379"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-190609000-00001"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.5.414"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90144-8"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref31","article-title":"Comparison of immunocytochemical and Holzer's methods for detection of acute and chronic gliosis in human postmortem material","volume":"4","author":"Stevens","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref2","article-title":"Ear affections and mental disturbances","volume":"33","author":"Amberg","year":"1906","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00092-3"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810120087013"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215105001520"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref12","volume-title":"Scott-Brown's Otolaryngology","author":"Ludman","year":"1987"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9781615376964","volume-title":"Pocket Guide to ICD\u201310 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders with Glossary and Diagnostic Criteria for Research DCR\u201310","author":"Cooper","year":"1994"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290100011003"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90154-0"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90104-1"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09771.x"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref32","first-page":"293","article-title":"Les hallucinations auditives des otopathes. [Auditory hallucinations in those with ear disease]","volume":"60","author":"Hecaen","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Psychol Norm Pathol (Paris)"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref33","article-title":"Musical hallucinations: a review and synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Keshavan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref4","article-title":"Aural disease in the insane","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800010038005"},{"key":"S000712500023585X_ref3","article-title":"Influence de la cure des otites suppur\u00e9es sur certaines affections mentales concomitantes [Effects of treating suppurative otitis on certain concomitant mental disorders]","volume":"30","author":"Toubert","year":"1904","journal-title":"Ann Mal Oreille"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S000712500023585X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T19:30:15Z","timestamp":1738351815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S000712500023585X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S000712500023585X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.052795","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}