{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T22:53:12Z","timestamp":1770504792571,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3015,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>No previous community-based epidemiological study has explored psychiatric disorders among those who survived the Holocaust.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine anxiety and depressive disorders, sleep disturbances, other health problems and use of services among individuals exposed and unexposed to the Holocaust.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relevant population samples were part of the Israel World Mental Health Survey. The interview schedule included the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and other health-related items.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Holocaust survivor group had higher lifetime (16.1%; OR = 6.8, 95% CI 1.9\u201324.2) and 12-month (6.9%; OR = 22.5, 95% CI 2.5\u2013204.8) prevalence rates of anxiety disorders, and more current sleep disturbances (62.4%; OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.4\u20134.4) and emotional distress (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) than their counterparts, but did not have higher rates of depressive disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early severe adversity was associated with psychopathological disorder long after the end of the Second World War, but not in all survivors. Age during the Holocaust did not modify the results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.058784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,30]],"date-time":"2009-09-30T23:33:54Z","timestamp":1254353634000},"page":"331-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Psychiatric disorders and other health dimensions among Holocaust survivors 6 decades later"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Asaf","family":"Sharon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itzhak","family":"Levav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Brodsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annarosa Anat","family":"Shemesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref17","volume-title":"Sequential Traumatization in Children","author":"Kielson","year":"1992"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1963.01720100013002"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.6.482"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346391"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref13","volume-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"1989"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867205"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref24","article-title":"Emotional distress among elderly survivors of the Holocaust living in the community","volume":"45","author":"Shemesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023756326443"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref31","article-title":"Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standard clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health Survey","volume":"15","author":"Haro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref23","article-title":"Elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: a study of psychological distress","volume":"12","author":"Solomon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e318093ed00"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM\u2013IV)","year":"1994"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref11","volume-title":"The ICD\u201310 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders","year":"1992"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.64.1.69.18236"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref1","volume-title":"History of the Holocaust","author":"Bauer","year":"1982"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710160051006"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref3","volume-title":"Concentration Camp Survivors in Norway and Israel","author":"Eitinger","year":"1961"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref9","first-page":"94","article-title":"Prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders: results from the Israel National Health Survey","volume":"44","author":"Levinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S000712500025054X_ref10","volume-title":"The WHO World Mental Health Survey. 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