{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:56:29Z","timestamp":1763016989370},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2954,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Much remains unknown about the phenomenology of bipolar I disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the type of bipolar I mood episodes that occur over time, and their relative frequency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 219 individuals with Research Diagnostic Criteria bipolar I disorder were prospectively followed for up to 25 years (median 20 years). Psychopathology was assessed with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 1208 mood episodes were prospectively observed. The episodes were empirically classified as follows: major depression, 30.9% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 373); minor depression, 13.0% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 157); mania, 20.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 246); hypomania, 10.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 126); cycling, 17.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 210); cycling plus mixed state, 7.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 94); and mixed, 0.2% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cycling episodes constituted 25% of all episodes. Work groups revising ICD\u201310 and DSM\u2013IV should add a category for bipolar I cycling episode.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.062083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:28:31Z","timestamp":1259627311000},"page":"525-530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Empirical typology of bipolar I mood episodes"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Endicott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Coryell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess G.","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin B.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344125"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2008.12.002"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.8.1447"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM\u2013IV)","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref18","article-title":"Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatments","volume":"13","author":"Kukopulos","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.08.031"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.1.87"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780070043004"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1089"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-003-0437-2"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199304000-00005"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1985.tb10510.x"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370220100035"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0610"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref4","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Version for 2007","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00165-3"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.11.2049"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750270014002"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90043-4"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1711"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07208.x"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03424.x"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref26","unstructured":"Solomon DA , Leon AC , Coryell WH , Endicott J , Li C , Fiedorowicz JG , et al. The longitudinal course of bipolar I mood episodes: duration of mood episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry, in press."},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192104000-00057","volume-title":"Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1921"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00611.x","article-title":"Reporting outcomes in clinical trials for bipolar disorder: a commentary and suggestions for change","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Aran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.530"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref30","article-title":"Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania","volume":"149","author":"McElroy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000251271_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00557.x"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000251271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T22:35:06Z","timestamp":1710714906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000251271\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000251271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.062083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}