{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1773958534734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2133,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A propensity to attend to other people's emotions is a necessary condition for human empathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test our hypothesis that psychopathic disorder begins as a failure to attend to the eyes of attachment figures, using a \u2018love\u2019 scenario in young children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with oppositional defiant disorder, assessed for callous\u2013unemotional traits, and a control group were observed in a love interaction with mothers. Eye contact and affection were measured for each dyad.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no group difference in affection and eye contact expressed by the mothers. Compared with controls, children with oppositional defiant disorder expressed lower levels of affection back towards their mothers; those with high levels of callous\u2013unemotional traits showed significantly lower levels of affection than the children lacking these traits. As predicted, the former group showed low levels of eye contact toward their mothers. Low eye contact was not correlated with maternal coercive parenting or feelings toward the child, but was correlated with psychopathic fearlessness in their fathers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impairments in eye contact are characteristic of children with callous\u2013unemotional traits, and these impairments are independent of maternal behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.085720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,19]],"date-time":"2011-08-19T00:51:25Z","timestamp":1313715085000},"page":"191-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy <i>v.<\/i> psychopathy"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Dadds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer 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