{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:30:40Z","timestamp":1792863040936,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2162,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research suggests that various types of childhood maltreatment frequently co-occur and confer risk for multiple psychiatric diagnoses. This non-specific pattern of risk may mean that childhood maltreatment increases vulnerability to numerous specific psychiatric disorders through diverse, specific mechanisms or that childhood maltreatment engenders a generalised liability to dimensions of psychopathology. Although these competing explanations have different implications for intervention, they have never been evaluated empirically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a latent variable approach to estimate the associations of childhood maltreatment with underlying dimensions of internalising and externalising psychopathology and with specific disorders after accounting for the latent dimensions. We also examined gender differences in these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from a nationally representative survey of 34 653 US adults. Lifetime DSM-IV psychiatric disorders were assessed using the AUDADIS-IV. Physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect were assessed using validated measures. Analyses controlled for other childhood adversities and sociodemographics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects were fully mediated through the latent liability dimensions, with an impact on underlying liability levels to internalising and externalising psychopathology rather than specific psychiatric disorders. Important gender differences emerged with physical abuse associated only with externalising liability in men, and only with internalising liability in women. Neglect was not significantly associated with latent liability levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between childhood maltreatment and common psychiatric disorders operates through latent liabilities to experience internalising and externalising psychopathology, indicating that the prevention of maltreatment may have a wide range of benefits in reducing the prevalence of many common mental disorders. Different forms of abuse have gender-specific consequences for the expression of internalising and externalising psychopathology, suggesting gender-specific aetiological pathways between maltreatment and psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.093062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]],"date-time":"2011-12-08T22:25:14Z","timestamp":1323383114000},"page":"107-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":361,"title":["Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Keyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie A.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie M.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget F.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref53","volume-title":"Robust Chi Square Difference Testing with Mean and Variance Adjusted Test Statistics. Mplus Web Notes: No. 10","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(97)90011-0"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00070-X"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.216"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref30","volume-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version","author":"Grant","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.41"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.188"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.929"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.3.411"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref21","article-title":"Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect","volume":"151","author":"Bernstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.953"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.8.1223","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up","volume":"156","author":"Widom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.180"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref44","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and abuse diagnoses: concurrent validity in a nationally representative sample","volume":"23","author":"Hasin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10040567"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref8","volume-title":"Adolescent Problem Behaviors: Issues and Research","author":"Widom","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.20.4.394"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.5.679"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.953"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00087-2"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<684::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.001"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref7","article-title":"Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders","volume":"62","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref54","volume-title":"Mplus User's Guide","author":"Muthen","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref36","article-title":"Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): II. Associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders","volume":"62","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000018947"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00091-4"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-0930-3"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.921"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005588"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351733"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199712000-00023"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref51","unstructured":"Eaton NR , Keyes KM , Krueger RF , Balsis S , Skodol AE , Markon KE , et al. An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample. J Abnorm Psychol 2011; Aug 15 (Epub ahead of print)."},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref43","article-title":"Reliability of the alcohol and drug modules of the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule\u2013Alcohol\/Drug-Revised (AUDADIS-ADR): an international comparison","volume":"47","author":"Chatterji","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.4.412","article-title":"Accuracy of adult recollection of chilhood victimization: Part I. Childhood physical abuse","volume":"8","author":"Widom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.12.018"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref68","article-title":"Caregiver substance abuse among maltreated children placed in out-of-home care","volume":"78","author":"Besinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref34","volume-title":"Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology","author":"Eaton","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00090-2"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03333.x"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005588"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref9","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01134-K"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(85)90060-2"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.10.1586"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.180"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.790"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref59","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"91","author":"Molnar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref60","article-title":"Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder","volume":"147","author":"Ogata","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490060103"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9324-6"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.1.115"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.17.1.3.33635"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.106.002840","article-title":"Why, when and how to ask about childhood abuse","volume":"13","author":"Read","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatric Treat"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.05.030"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.176","article-title":"A longitudinal study of maternal depression and child maltreatment in a national sample of families investigated by child protective services","volume":"163","author":"Conron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(95)00144-1"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.6.1167"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.1.34"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.71"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000231"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838002250760"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)01332-X"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref32","volume-title":"Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families","author":"Straus","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(93)90021-V"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002111"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080499"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1985.46.72","article-title":"Stressful events, stressful conditions and alcohol problems in the United States: a partial test of Bales's theory","volume":"46","author":"Linsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"S0007125000257577_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.3.433"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000257577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T12:51:49Z","timestamp":1686487909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000257577\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000257577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.093062","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}}}