{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:14:20Z","timestamp":1790273660043,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2102,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most previous attempts to determine the psychological cost of military deployment have been limited by reliance on convenience samples, lack of pre-deployment data or confidentiality and cross-sectional designs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study addressed these limitations using a population-based, prospective cohort of US military personnel deployed in support of the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consisted of US military service members in all branches including active duty, reserve and national guard who deployed once (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 3393) or multiple times (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 4394). Self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress were obtained prior to deployment and at two follow-ups spaced 3 years apart. Data were examined for longitudinal trajectories using latent growth mixture modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each analysis revealed remarkably similar post-traumatic stress trajectories across time. The most common pattern was low\u2013stable post-traumatic stress or resilience (83.1% single deployers, 84.9% multiple deployers), moderate\u2013improving (8.0%, 8.5%), then worsening\u2013chronic posttraumatic stress (6.7%, 4.5%), high\u2013stable (2.2% single deployers only) and high\u2013improving (2.2% multiple deployers only). Covariates associated with each trajectory were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final models exhibited similar types of trajectories for single and multiple deployers; most notably, the stable trajectory of low post-traumatic stress pre- to post-deployment, or resilience, was exceptionally high. Several factors predicting trajectories were identified, which we hope will assist in future research aimed at decreasing the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder among deployers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,24]],"date-time":"2012-02-24T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1330047521000},"page":"317-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":311,"title":["Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"George A.","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime 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