{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:52:37Z","timestamp":1789170757088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":793,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J\n                        Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low income is a widely studied risk factor for child and adolescent\n                           behavioural difficulties. Previous research on this relationship has\n                           produced mixed findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the level, shape and homogeneity of income gradients in\n                           different types of antisocial behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A representative sample of 7977 British children and adolescents, aged\n                           5\u201316 years, was analysed. Hypotheses concerning the shapes and\n                           homogeneity of the relationships between family socioeconomic status and\n                           multiple antisocial behaviour outcomes, including clinical diagnoses of\n                           oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder and symptom subscales,\n                           such as irritability and hurtfulness, were tested by structural equation\n                           models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent income gradients were demonstrated across all antisocial\n                           behaviours studied. Disorder prevalence and mean symptom counts decreased\n                           across income quintiles in a non-linear fashion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings emphasise that income gradients are similar across different\n                           forms of antisocial behaviour and indicate that income may lead to\n                           greater behavioural differences in the mid-income range and less\n                           variation at low- and high-income extremes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T20:43:47Z","timestamp":1440103427000},"page":"385-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Income gradients within child and adolescent antisocial\n                        behaviours"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Patrycja J.","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Stride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Maughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"McCaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref28","volume-title":"Mplus User's Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998\u20132012"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000558"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki200"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.1.49"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.629"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431601021004004"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e557702010-001"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.034876"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref25","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200211000-00009"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181b766ab"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01989.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.12.004"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131407"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-38"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-003-0627-2"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.3.178"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.092569"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref3","article-title":"Inequalities in death \u2013 specific explanations of a general pattern","volume":"1","author":"Marmot","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00537"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh372"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.e43"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00308.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref8","article-title":"The ecology of young children's behaviour and social competence: child characteristics, socio-economic factors and parenting","volume":"37","author":"Hartas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oxford Rev Edu"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref15","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.15.2023"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01494920902828151"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.32.4.244"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02017.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169256"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-36355-7"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00393.x"},{"key":"S0007125000239676_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(02)00098-8"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000239676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T23:14:39Z","timestamp":1555715679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000239676\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000239676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143636","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}}}