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Methodological quality was assessed according to criteria set out by the Cochrane Collaboration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six RCTs met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Across the trials, SIH treatment improved treatment outcome, i.e. greater reduction in the use of illicit \u2018street\u2019 heroin in patients receiving SIH treatment compared with control groups (most often receiving MMT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>SIH is found to be an effective way of treating heroin dependence refractory to standard treatment. SIH may be less safe than MMT and therefore requires more clinical attention to manage greater safety issues. This intensive intervention is for a patient population previously considered unresponsive to treatment. 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