{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:37:45Z","timestamp":1790725065690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":824,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J\n                        Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>North American studies show bipolar disorder is associated with elevated\n                           rates of problem gambling; however, little is known about rates in the\n                           different presentations of bipolar illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence and distribution of problem gambling in\n                           people with bipolar disorder in the UK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to measure gambling problems\n                           in 635 participants with bipolar disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moderate to severe gambling problems were four times higher in people\n                           with bipolar disorder than in the general population, and were associated\n                           with type 2 disorder (OR = 1.74, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.036), history of\n                           suicidal ideation or attempt (OR = 3.44, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) and\n                           rapid cycling (OR = 2.63, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 1 in 10 patients with bipolar disorder may be at moderate\n                           to severe risk of problem gambling, possibly associated with suicidal\n                           behaviour and a rapid cycling course. Elevated rates of gambling problems\n                           in type 2 disorder highlight the probable significance of modest but\n                           unstable mood disturbance in the development and maintenance of such\n                           problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.154286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T20:39:38Z","timestamp":1434659978000},"page":"328-333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Gambling problems in bipolar disorder in the UK: Prevalence and\n                        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