{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:45:39Z","timestamp":1792637139416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although childhood adversities are known to predict increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic experiences, it is unclear whether this association varies by childhood adversity or traumatic experience types or by age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine variation in associations of childhood adversities with PTSD according to childhood adversity types, traumatic experience types and life-course stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological data were analysed from the World Mental Health Surveys (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 27017).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four childhood adversities (physical and sexual abuse, neglect, parent psychopathology) were associated with similarly increased odds of PTSD following traumatic experiences (odds ratio (OR)=1.8), whereas the other eight childhood adversities assessed did not predict PTSD. Childhood adversity\u2013PTSD associations did not vary across traumatic experience types, but were stronger in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood than later adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood adversities are differentially associated with PTSD, with the strongest associations in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood. Consistency of associations across traumatic experience types suggests that childhood adversities are associated with generalised vulnerability to PTSD following traumatic experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.197640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T00:10:46Z","timestamp":1506039046000},"page":"280-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitisation in the World Mental Health Surveys"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"Katie A.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karestan C.","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn J.","family":"Bromet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie G.","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Petukhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayelet Meron","family":"Ruscio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Aguilar-Gaxiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Demyttenaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumyana V.","family":"Dinolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finola","family":"Ferry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Florescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"de Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oye","family":"Gureje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norito","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Navarro-Mateu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth-Ellen","family":"Pennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Posada-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margreet","family":"ten Have","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmen","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Sheridan MA , Lambert HK . Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47: 578\u201391.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widom CS , Shepard RL . Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 1. Childhood physical abuse. Psychol Assess 1996; 8: 412\u201321.","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.4.412"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Busso DS , Duys A , Green JG , Alves S , Way M , et al. Amygdala response to negative stimuli predicts PTSD symptom onset following a terrorist attack. Depress Anxiety 2014; 10: 834\u201342.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22284"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspi A , Houts RM , Belsky DW , Goldman-Mellor SJ , Harrington H , Israel S , et al. The p factor: one general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 2: 119\u201337.","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti VJ , Anda RF , Nordenberg D , Williamson DF , Spitz AM , Edwards V , et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prevent Med 1998; 14: 245\u201358.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haro JM , Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S , Brugha TS , di Girolamo G , Guyer M , Jin R , et al. Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2006; 15: 167\u201380.","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.196"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrory EJ , De Brito SA , Kelly PA , Bird G , Sebastian CL , Mechelli A , et al. Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 202: 269\u201376.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.116624"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H , Petukhova M , Sampson NA , Aguilar-Gaxiola S , Alonso J , Andrade LH , et al. Association of DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder with traumatic experience type and history in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74: 270\u201381.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenen KC , Moffit TE , Poulin R , Martin J , Caspi A . Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 181\u201392.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009019"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Green JG , Gruber MJ , Sampson NA , Zaslavsky A , Kessler RC . Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 1151\u201360.","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green JG , McLaughlin KA , Berglund P , Gruber MJ , Sampson NA , Zaslavsky AM , et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 62: 113\u201323.","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC , McLaughlin KA , Green JG , Gruber MJ , Sampson NA , Zaslavsky AM , et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197: 378\u201385.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080499"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts AL , McLaughlin KA , Conron KJ , Koenen KC . Adult stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence among men and women. Am J Prevent Med 2010; 40: 128\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.10.016"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjet C , Bromet E , Karam EG , Kessler RC , McLaughlin KA , Ruscio AM , et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol Med 2016; 46: 327\u201343.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001981"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnurr PP , Lunney CA , Sengupta A . Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2004; 17: 85\u201395.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000022614.21794.f4"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott KM , Smith DR , Ellis PM . Prospectively ascertained childhood maltreatment and its associations with DSM-IV mental disorders in young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 712\u20139.","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.71"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh MA , Abelsen B , Olsen JA . Clarifying associations between childhood adversity, social support, behavioral factors, and mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood: a population-based study. Front Psychol 2016; 7: 727.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00727"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki H , Luby JL , Botteron KN , Dietrich R , McAvoy MP , Barch DM . Early life stress and trauma and enhanced limbic activation to emotionally valenced faces in depressed and healthy children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53: 800\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.04.013"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremmer JD , Southwick SM , Johnson DR , Yehuda R , Charney DS . Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 235\u20139.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.235"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breslau N , Kessler RC , Chilcoat HD , Schultz LR , Davis GC , Andreski P . Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 626\u201332.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC , Sonnega A , Bromet E , Hughes M , Nelson CB . Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 1048\u201360.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref28","volume-title":"Statistics with Confidence: Confidence Intervals and Statistical Guidelines","author":"Gardner","year":"2000"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espejo EP , Hammen C , Connolly NP , Brennan PA , Najman JM , Bor W . Stress sensitization and adolescent depressive severity as a function of childhood adversity: a link to anxiety disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2006; 35: 287\u201399.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-006-9090-3"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardt J , Rutter M . Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 260\u201373.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heleniak C , Jenness J , Van der Stoep A , McCauley E , McLaughlin KA . Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Cogn Ther Res 2016; 40: 394\u2013415.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-015-9735-z"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammen C , Henry R , Daley SE . Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 782\u20137.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.782"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breslau N , Koenen KC , Luo Z , Agnew-Blais J , Swanson S , Houts RM , et al. Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective investigation. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 1937\u201345.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002651"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennessy KD , Rabideau GJ , Cicchetti D , Cummings EM . Responses of physically abused and nonabused children to different forms of interadult anger. Child Develop 1994; 65: 815\u201328.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131420"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis EP , Glynn LM , Schetter CD , Hobel C , Chicz-Demet A , Sandman CA . Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46: 737\u201346.","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e318047b775"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref22","first-page":"91","volume-title":"The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders","author":"Harkness","year":"2008"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widom CS , Morris S . Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 2. Childhood sexual abuse. Psychol Assess 1997; 9: 34\u201346.","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.1.34"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Gadermann AM , Hwang I , Sampson NA , Al-Hamzawi A , Andrade LH , et al. Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 200: 290\u20139.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.101253"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC , Davis CG , Kendler KS . Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 1101\u201319.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005588"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Admon R , Lubin G , Stern O , Rosenberg K , Sela L , Ben-Ami H , et al. Human vulnerability to stress depends on amygdala's predisposition and hippocampal plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009; 106: 14120\u20135.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903183106"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref31","volume-title":"Foster Youth Transitions to Adulthood: A Longitudinal View of Youth Leaving Care","author":"Courtney","year":"1998"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harkness KL , Bruce AE , Lumley MN . The role of childhood abuse and neglect in the sensitization to stressful life events in adolescent depression. J Abnorm Psychol 2006; 115: 730\u201341.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.4.730"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolph KD , Flynn M . Childhood adversity and youth depression: influence of gender and pubertal status. Develop Psychopathol 2007; 19: 497\u2013521.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070241"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers B , McLaughlin KA , Wang S , Blanco C , Stein DJ . Associations between childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and past-year drug use disorders in the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Psychol Addict Behav 2014; 28: 1117\u201326.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037459"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Conron KJ , Koenen KC , Gilman SE . Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 1647\u201358.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992121"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref21","first-page":"14","volume-title":"The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders","author":"Heeringa","year":"2008"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenness J , Jager-Hyman S , Heleniak C , Beck AT , Sheridan MA , McLaughlin KA . Catastrophizing, rumination, and reappraisal prospectively predict adolescent PTSD symptom onset following a terrorist attack. Depress Anxiety 2016; Aug 24 (Epub ahead of print).","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22548"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewin CR , Andrews B , Valentine JD . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 748\u201366.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref35","volume-title":"Introduction to Variance Estimation","author":"Wolter","year":"1985"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS , Silberg JL , Neale MC , Kessler RC , Heath AC , Eaves LJ . The family history method: whose psychiatric history is measured? Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1501\u20134.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1501"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrory EJ , De Brito SA , Sebastian CL , Mechelli A , Bird G , Kelly PA , et al. Heightened neural reactivity to threat in child victims of family violence. Curr Biol 2011; 21: R947\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.10.015"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore SA , Zoellner LA . Overgeneral autobiographical memory and traumatic events: an evaluative review. Psychol Bull 2007; 133: 419\u201337.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.3.419"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wichers M , Schrijvers D , Geschwind N , Jacobs N , Myin-Germeys I , Thiery E , et al. Mechanisms of gene-environment interactions in depression: evidence that genes potentiate multiple sources of adversity. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 1077\u201386.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004388"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC , \u00dcstun TB . The World Mental Health (WHM) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004; 13: 93\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuyken W , Watkins E , Holden E , Cook W . Rumination in adolescents at risk for depression. J Affect Disord 2006; 96: 39\u201347.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.05.017"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyes KM , Shmulewitz D , Greenstein E , McLaughlin KA , Wall M , Aharonovich E , et al. Exposure to the Lebanon War of 2006 and effects on alcohol use disorders: the moderating role of childhood maltreatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134: 296\u2013303.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.014"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mather M , Canli T , English T , Whitfield S , Wais P , Ochsner K , et al. Amygdala responses to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults. Psychol Sci 2004; 15: 259\u201363.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00662.x"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref20","volume-title":"Data: Countries and Economies","year":"2016"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus MA . Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. J Marriage Fam 1979; 41: 75\u201388.","DOI":"10.2307\/351733"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Peverill M , Gold AL , Alves S , Sheridan MA . Child maltreatment and neural systems underlying emotion regulation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54: 753\u201362.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.06.010"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman R , Granat A , Pariente C , Kanety H , Kuint J , Gilboa-Schechtman E . Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48: 919\u201327.","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181b21651"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA , Koenen KC , Friedman MJ , Ruscio AM , Karam EG , Shahly V , et al. Subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77: 375\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.03.028"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref32","volume-title":"Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria","author":"Endicott","year":"1978"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klebanoff MA , Cole SR . Use of multiple imputatio in the epidemiologic literature. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168: 355\u20137.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn071"},{"key":"S000712500028375X_ref23","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM-IV)","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S000712500028375X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T20:45:47Z","timestamp":1555447547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S000712500028375X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S000712500028375X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.197640","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}}}