{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:45:31Z","timestamp":1787021131028,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":123,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about the joint mental health effects of air pollution and tobacco smoking in low- and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the effects of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and smoking and their combined (interactive) effects on depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multilevel logistic regression analysis of baseline data of a prospective cohort study (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =41785). The 3-year average concentrations of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      were estimated using US National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite data, and depression was diagnosed using a standardised questionnaire. Three-level logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations with depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The odds ratio (OR) for depression was 1.09 (95% CI 1.01\u20131.17) per 10 \u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in ambient PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and the association remained after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.19). Tobacco smoking (smoking status, frequency, duration and amount) was also significantly associated with depression. There appeared to be a synergistic interaction between ambient PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and smoking on depression in the additive model, but the interaction was not statistically significant in the multiplicative model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study suggests that exposure to ambient PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      may increase the risk of depression, and smoking may enhance this effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.202325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T20:10:12Z","timestamp":1502395812000},"page":"157-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoking and their combined effects on depression in six low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"Hualiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins O.","family":"Airhihenbuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Schootman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Salinas-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred E.","family":"Yawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perianayagam","family":"Arokiasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty Soledad","family":"Manrique-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Biritwum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Rule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Minicuci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmala","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somnath","family":"Chatterji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengmin (Min)","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490520232"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306560","article-title":"Maternal stress and effects of prenatal air pollution on offspring mental health outcomes in mice","volume":"121","author":"Bolton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.76"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.027"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-7835-x"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015739"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.004"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901623"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys210"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.065912"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318125713c"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP192"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205909","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and depressive symptoms in older adults: results from the MOBILIZE Boston Study","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003903"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08839"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-523"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr523"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.11.006"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. circulation","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.10.056"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1111"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307568"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref27","article-title":"Human alveolar long-term clearance of ferromagnetic iron oxide microparticles in healthy and diseased subjects","volume":"27","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S40493"},{"key":"S0007125000280197_ref18","article-title":"Does cadmium exposure contribute to depressive symptoms in the elderly population?","volume":"73","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007125000280197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T21:27:02Z","timestamp":1555450022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007125000280197\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007125000280197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.202325","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1250","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-1465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}}}