{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:38:39Z","timestamp":1793173119714,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":611,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Temperament and character have been shown to be important factors in understanding psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorder. Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have repeatedly been shown to have a distinct temperament and character, but this has not been evaluated in relation to psychiatric comorbidity and ASD diagnostic stability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine temperament and character in males that were diagnosed with ASD in childhood and followed prospectively over almost two decades.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Temperament and character were assessed in 40 adult males with a childhood diagnosis of ASD. Results were analysed by the stability of ASD diagnosis over time and current psychiatric comorbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three distinct temperament and character profiles emerged from the data. Those no longer meeting criteria for ASD had high reward dependence while those with a stable ASD diagnosis and psychiatric comorbidity showed elevated harm avoidance and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Finally, those with a stable ASD and no comorbidity showed low novelty seeking and somewhat elevated harm avoidance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Temperament and character are important factors correlated with long-term diagnostic stability and psychiatric comorbidity in males diagnosed with ASD in childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.116.002741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T15:35:27Z","timestamp":1465227327000},"page":"210-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Asperger syndrome in childhood \u2013 personality dimensions in adult life: temperament, character and outcome trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Helles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. 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