{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:14:51Z","timestamp":1759032891784},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":246,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BJPsych open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reliable diagnosis of mood disorders continues to pose a challenge. This is surprising because they have been recognised clinically since classical times. Mood disorders are also common: major depressive disorder affects nearly 300 million people worldwide and bipolar affective disorder nearly 60 million and they are a major cause of disability. Nonetheless, the reliability trials of the updated Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) found that the reliability of the diagnosis of major depressive disorder was in the 'questionable' range. Although the reliability of the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder in the same trials was 'good', the sample size of the individuals recruited to validate bipolar II disorder was insufficient to confirm reliability. As the epidemiological prevalences of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders are the same, this alone implies problems in its recognition. Here, we critically evaluate the most recent iteration of DSM mood disorder diagnoses in a historical light and set out the implications for clinical practice and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.117.004739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T20:10:26Z","timestamp":1494533426000},"page":"e1-e3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Footnotes to Kraepelin: Changes in the classification of mood disorders with DSM-5"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Kalk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan H.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056472400002180_ref21","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2056472400002180_ref19","article-title":"Evaluating depressive symptoms in mania: a naturalistic study of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"S2056472400002180_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379"},{"key":"S2056472400002180_ref16","unstructured":"Strakowski SM . 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