{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:13:06Z","timestamp":1792102386383,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2018-0273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2018-0273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933821022616_sec1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous research has indicated that attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia, but studies are scarce and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between ADHD, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Additionally, we aimed to investigate the impact of comorbid conditions, educational attainment, head injuries, other developmental disorders, and sex on the association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933821022616_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population consisted of 3,591,689 individuals born between 1932 and 1963, identified from Swedish population-based registers. Cases of ADHD, dementia and MCI were defined according to ICD diagnostic codes and ATC codes for medication prescriptions. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associations between ADHD, and dementia and MCI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933821022616_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with ADHD had an increased risk for dementia and MCI. After adjusting for sex and birth year, a hazard ratio (HR) was 2.92 (95% confidence interval 2.40\u20133.57) for dementia, and 6.21 (5.25\u20137.35) for MCI. Additional adjustment for psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and bipolar disorder) substantially attenuated the associations, HR\u00a0=\u00a01.62 (1.32\u20131.98) for dementia, and 2.54 (2.14\u20133.01) for MCI. Common metabolic disorders (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity), sleep disorders, head injuries, educational attainment, and other developmental disorders, had a limited impact on the association. The association between ADHD and dementia was stronger in men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933821022616_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ADHD is a potential risk factor for dementia and MCI, although the risk significantly attenuates after controlling for psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms of the associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:49:51Z","timestamp":1639990191000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A population-based register study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3887-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Dobrosavljevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7290-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Garcia-Argibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebba","family":"Du Rietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Andershed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9217-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933821022616_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.08.005"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap8757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8757","article-title":"Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain","volume":"360","author":"Anttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00430.x"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1944"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r27","unstructured":"27. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992."},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.995588"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.01.008"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0117-y"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.120808"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.11.005"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717714057"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2003.06.006"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169650"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00260"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205011666140812115004"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0316-1"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086552"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12004"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r25","first-page":"48","article-title":"Distinguishing between adult ADHD and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Pollak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatr."},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215000010"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9562.1000329"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00231-7"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.12.005"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r17","article-title":"Childhood symptoms of ADHD overrule comorbidity in relation to psychosocial outcome at age 15: a longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Selinus","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00511-8"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/729801"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70136-X"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.17"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000439568"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.101196"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61684-6"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.010"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.042"},{"key":"S0924933821022616_r28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer\u2019s disease and any dementia: a multi\u2010generation cohort study in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."}],"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924933821022616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T04:07:05Z","timestamp":1662091625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924933821022616\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924933821022616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2261","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"article-number":"e3"}}