{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:51:15Z","timestamp":1789174275933,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":306,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933822023392_sec1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aims to delineate the role of preexisting depression for changes in common mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933822023392_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using mixed-effects linear regression models, we analyzed data on the course of depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2) symptoms as well as loneliness (three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale) in a subset of the Socio-Economic Panel Study, a large and nationally representative household panel study from Germany. Participants were assessed during the first COVID-19 wave in Germany (March 31 to July 4, 2020;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 6,694) and prospectively followed up at the peak of the second COVID-19 wave (January 18 to February 15, 2021;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 6,038).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933822023392_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased, whereas loneliness increased from the first to the second COVID-19 wave. However, depressive symptoms increased and the surge in loneliness was steeper in those with versus without clinically relevant depressive symptoms in 2019 or a history of a depressive disorder before the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety symptoms remained stable throughout the pandemic in individuals with versus without clinically relevant depressive symptoms in 2019. Pre-pandemic depression was associated with overall higher depressive and anxiety symptoms and loneliness across both assessments. The stringency of lockdown measures did not affect the results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933822023392_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that individuals with a history of depressive symptoms before the COVID-19 pandemic are at increased risk to experience an escalation of mental health problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, they might particularly profit from targeted prevention and early intervention programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.2339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T08:31:00Z","timestamp":1667464260000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The role of pre-pandemic depression for changes in depression, anxiety, and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a longitudinal probability sample of adults from Germany"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3595-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Benke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2132-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Asselmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Entringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6047-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane A.","family":"Pan\u00e9-Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933822023392_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30482-X","article-title":"Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study","volume":"8","author":"Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933822023392_r35","unstructured":"[35] R Core Team. 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