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Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382202346X_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapy (TF-P) versus stabilization and waiting in a civilian cohort of patients with an 11th version of the international classification of disease (ICD-11) diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382202346X_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We identified patients with CPTSD treated at a specialist trauma service over a 3-year period by triangulating evidence from self-report questionnaires, file review, and expert-clinician opinion. Patients completed a phase-based treatment: stabilization consisting of symptom management and establishing safety, followed by waiting for treatment (phase 1); individual TF-P in the form of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or TF-CBT plus EMDR (phase 2). Our primary outcome was PTSD symptoms during phase 2 versus phase 1. Secondary outcomes included depressive symptoms, functional impairment, and a proxy CPTSD measure. Exploratory analysis compared outcomes between treatments. Adverse outcomes were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382202346X_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Fifty-nine patients were included. Compared to receiving only phase 1, patients completing TF-P showed statistically significant reductions in PTSD [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>(58)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22123.99, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001], depressive symptoms [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>(58)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22124.41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001], functional impairment [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>(58)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22122.26, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028], and proxy scores for CPTSD [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>(58)\u00a0=\u00a04.69, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001]. There were no significant differences in outcomes between different treatments offered during phase 2. Baseline depressive symptoms were associated with higher PTSD symptoms and functional impairment.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382202346X_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This study suggests that TF-P effectively improves symptoms of CPTSD. However, prospective research with validated measurements is necessary to evaluate current and new treatments and identify personal markers of treatment effectiveness for CPTSD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.2346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:53:24Z","timestamp":1669337604000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapy for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A retrospective 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