{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:55:20Z","timestamp":1785426920375,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":196,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933825100606_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The macro-social and environmental conditions in which people live, such as the level of a country\u2019s development or inequality, are associated with brain-related disorders. However, the relationship between these systemic environmental factors and the brain remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the level of development and inequality of a country and the brain structure of healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933825100606_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study pooling brain imaging (T1-based) data from 145 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in 7,962 healthy adults (4,110 women) in 29 different countries. We used a meta-regression approach to relate the brain structure to the country\u2019s level of development and inequality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933825100606_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher human development was consistently associated with larger hippocampi and more expanded global cortical surface area, particularly in frontal areas. Increased inequality was most consistently associated with smaller hippocampal volume and thinner cortical thickness across the brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933825100606_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that the macro-economic conditions of a country are reflected in its inhabitants\u2019 brains and may explain the different incidence of brain disorders across the world. The observed variability of brain structure in health across countries should be considered when developing tools in the field of personalized or precision medicine that are intended to be used across the world.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.10060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T04:23:06Z","timestamp":1752639786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human development, inequality, and their associations with brain structure across 29 countries"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Vicente","family":"Medel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0326knt82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7648-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz 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