{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:55:20Z","timestamp":1785434120528,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":282,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382510117X_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is preliminary evidence that childhood trauma (e.g., abuse) is associated with subclinical hypomania reported in adolescence. These findings need replicating in early adulthood, as clinical conditions emerge, and the mechanisms underlying this association need elucidating. This study aimed to examine the magnitude of shared genetic and environmental underpinnings of the association between childhood trauma with hypomanic symptoms and high-risk status for bipolar disorder (BD) using a twin design. Gene\u2013environment correlations and interactions between childhood trauma and polygenic scores (PGS) for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions were also investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382510117X_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood trauma was reported using the Avon \u201cLife at 22+\u201d questionnaire by 8,464 individuals from a community twin sample. Self-reported hypomanic symptoms were assessed using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire at age 26 by 7,748 participants. PGS for psychiatric and neurodevelopment conditions were derived from independent published discovery samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382510117X_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Childhood trauma was significantly associated with hypomanic symptoms (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.23, 95% CI: 0.20\u20130.25) and being at high-risk for BD (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.77, 95% CI: 1.59\u20131.98). These associations were strongly influenced by genetic factors (bivariate heritability range: 0.51\u20130.90). Gene\u2013environment correlations were found between childhood trauma and the PGS for six conditions: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, anxiety disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and BD II (\u03b2 range\u00a0= \u22120.19\u20130.11). The MDD-PGS was found to significantly interact with childhood trauma in hypomania (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382510117X_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The associations between childhood trauma and subclinical hypomania and high-risk for BD were partially attributed to shared genetic factors. These associations were also moderated by MDD-PGS. Gene\u2013environment correlations were detected between childhood trauma and polygenic vulnerability to psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. The etiology of hypomania and BD is likely the result of a confluence of genetic and environmental factors, and research in this area should account for potential genetic confounding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.10117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T09:23:45Z","timestamp":1760088225000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood trauma and subclinical hypomania in early adulthood: A genetically informative study"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Gonzalez-Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026zzn846","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Queen Mary University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Ronald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ks66431","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Surrey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Havers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026zzn846","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Queen Mary University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8311-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026zzn846","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Queen Mary University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina","family":"Hosang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026zzn846","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Queen Mary University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S092493382510117X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1763108071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S092493382510117X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S092493382510117X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.10117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e157"}}