{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:05:26Z","timestamp":1789383926454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382612238X_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective medical treatment, yet provision varies internationally. We provide an up-to-date review of ECT practice in Nordic and western European countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382612238X_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>European experts contributed data from peer-reviewed literature, governmental publications, unpublished administrative datasets, and hitherto unpublished surveys. The primary outcome was the number of individuals treated with ECT in each country per year. Primary analysis compared the annual treated person rate per million population in the most recent year since 2015 for which data were available. Secondary analysis compared trends in rates over 25\u00a0years, in countries for which a reliable outcome was available at two or more time points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382612238X_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across 15 countries, 12 had data meeting primary analysis criteria. Of these, all Nordic countries had annual treated patient rates per million population over 200, Italy 2.7, and other western European countries between 30 and 100. German-, Dutch-, and French-speaking countries saw increases in ECT use over 25\u00a0years, while English-speaking countries exhibited declines. Unilateral placement varied from 16% of treatments in the United Kingdom to 79% in Norway. Everywhere, most ECT was given for depressive episodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S092493382612238X_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the optimal rate of use is unknown, widely differing rates across European nations suggest ECT is underused in some high-income countries, depriving patients of vital medical care. The European ECT community must support the development of reliable data collection on usage across the continent and service improvement where provision is underdeveloped, to ensure appropriate treatment is offered to all patients for whom it is indicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2026.12238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:56:53Z","timestamp":1785322613000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of electroconvulsive therapy in Nordic and western European countries"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qz7fr76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Brighton and Sussex Medical 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