{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:53:32Z","timestamp":1792065212957,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":287,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933826122615_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychometric network analysis offers a granular understanding of problem gambling (PG) by modeling individual symptoms within an interconnected system. Identifying central symptoms can help explain symptom co-occurrence and core symptoms relevant for escalating severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933826122615_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We estimated undirected cross-sectional and directed cross-lagged network models based on four representative Norwegian population surveys (2013, 2015, 2019, and 2022; age range 16\u201374) and assessed network stability, accuracy, and generalizability. Cross-sectional samples ranged from\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03,232 to 6,034 (47\u201350% women) and cross-lagged samples included\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03,043 (2013\u20132015, 50% women) and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02,749 (2019\u20132022, 47% women). PG symptoms were measured with the Problem Gambling Severity Index alongside self-reported gambling expenditure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933826122615_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within undirected networks, financial problems showed the strongest strength centrality and these networks showed strong generalizability, including the 2019 and 2022 surveys per Network Comparison Test (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.65), edge presence (\u03c6\u00a0=\u00a0.79), and edge weight (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.85) correlations. Within directed networks, borrowing money had the strongest association with symptoms at follow-up (out-strength), while guilt at follow-up was most strongly predicted by other symptoms (in-strength). Generalizability between the 2013\u20132015 and 2019\u20132022 networks was inconclusive, with low correlation in edge presence (\u03c6\u00a0=\u00a0.08) and high correlation in edge weights (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.74).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924933826122615_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Financial problems and borrowing money emerged as the most central PG symptoms in undirected and directed networks, respectively. Following further investigation, these symptoms may act as informative targets for screening, early intervention, and harm-reduction policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2026.12261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:09:52Z","timestamp":1792062592000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Undirected and directed networks of problem gambling: Follow the money trail"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3881-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Syvertsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"},{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid V.","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"},{"name":"Modum Bad Psychiatric Hospital and Research Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1902-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Sagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0691-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joakim H.","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5831-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Pallesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933826122615_r2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13229400.2018.1513856"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r19","unstructured":"[19] Pallesen, S , Molde, H , Mentzoni, RA , Hanss, D , Morken, AM . Changes in gambling and gaming problems in Norway 2013\u20132015 [Endring i penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2013\u20132015]; 2016, https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/WEB-Rapport_Endring_UiB.pdf"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r21","unstructured":"[21] Central Bank of Norway. Price calculator, from: https:\/\/www.norges-bank.no\/en\/topics\/Statistics\/Price-calculator-\/ [accessed 9 November 2024]"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10180-0"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2747-0"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56296\/aip00037"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.2034"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790208732300"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.22"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r16","unstructured":"[16] Pallesen, S , Molde, H , Mentzoni, RA , Hanss, D , Morken, AM . Extent of gambling and video game problems in Norway 2015. [Omfang av penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2015]; 2016, https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WEB-Rapport_befolkningsundersokelsen.pdf"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.09.002"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r27","volume-title":"Network psychometrics with R: a guide for behavioral and social scientists","author":"Fried","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2015.1092566"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00983-y"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16523"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2018.1495750"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0939-5911\/a000560"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04349-8"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000439"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.08.013"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2022.0116"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r22","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]","year":"2025"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r15","unstructured":"[15] Pallesen, S , Hanss, D , Mentzoni, RA , Molde, H , Morken, AM . Extent of gambling and video game problems in Norway 2013. [Omfang av penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2013]; 2014, https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Omfang-av-penge-og-dataspillproblemer-i-Norge-2013.pdf"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2021.1958790"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2019.1622001"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00437-4"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-022-09820-9"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r18","unstructured":"[18] Pallesen, S , Mentzoni, RA , Syvertsen, A , Kristensen, JH , Erevik, EK , Morken, AM . Extent of gambling and video game problems in Norway 2022. [Omfang av penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2022]; 2023, https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Befolkningsundersokelsen-kladd-220523.pdf"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r30","first-page":"100499","article-title":"Validation of the 7-Item Domain-General Gambling Harm Scale (DGHS-7)","volume":"17","author":"Syvertsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00167-1"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.12.013"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r3","unstructured":"[3] Ferris, JA , Wynne, HJ . The Canadian problem gambling index. Canadian Centre on substance abuse. Ottawa, ON; 2001."},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1333131"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r17","unstructured":"[17] Pallesen, S , Pallesen, RA , Torsheim, T , Erevik, EK , Molde, H , Morken, AM . Extent of gambling and video game problems in Norway 2019. [Omfang av penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2019]; 2020, https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Omfang_av_penge-og_dataspillproblemer_i_Norge_2019-1.pdf"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r20","unstructured":"[20] Pallesen, S , Syvertsen, A , Kristensen, JH , Mentzoni, RA , Erevik, EK , Morken, AM . Changes in gambling and gaming problems in Norway 2019\u20132022 [Endring i penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2019\u20132022]; 2023, https:\/\/ekstern.filer.uib.no\/psyfa\/Spillforsk\/endringer%202019-202.pdf"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15952"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.01.018"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857280"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-025-00546-0"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10164-0"},{"key":"S0924933826122615_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-023-10191-5"}],"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924933826122615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:09:54Z","timestamp":1792062594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924933826122615\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924933826122615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2026.12261","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e100"}}