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Trials of DBS in people with treatment-resistant psychiatric disorder began in the late 1990s, initially focusing on obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder and Tourette syndrome. Despite methodological issues, including small participant numbers and lack of consensus over brain targets, DBS is now being trialled in a wide range of psychiatric conditions. There has also been more modest increase in ablative procedures. This paper reviews these developments in the light of contemporary brain science, considers future directions and discusses why the approach has not been adopted more widely within psychiatry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.116.055772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T07:45:37Z","timestamp":1506930337000},"page":"281-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Psychiatric neurosurgery in the 21st century: overview and the growth of deep brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1192","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"170","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5447"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.026"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref35","article-title":"Long-term hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation","volume":"50","author":"Oh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.4.FOCUS10106"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01144-8"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003159"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref10","volume-title":"The Other Brain","author":"Fields","year":"2009"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref25","volume-title":"Neurosurgical Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders","author":"Gao","year":"2015"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref51","volume-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)","year":"2017"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-011-0359-9"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8367.001.0001","volume-title":"Radical Embodied Cognitive Science","author":"Chemero","year":"2009"},{"key":"S2056469400003855_ref1","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic. 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