{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T11:14:55Z","timestamp":1769771695563,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Earthquake Spectra"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Central Italy earthquake sequence initiated on 24 August 2016 with a moment magnitude\n                    <jats:bold>M<\/jats:bold>\n                    6.1 event, followed by two earthquakes (\n                    <jats:bold>M<\/jats:bold>\n                    5.9 and\n                    <jats:bold>M<\/jats:bold>\n                    6.5) on 26 and 30 October, caused significant damage and loss of life in the town of Amatrice and other nearby villages and hamlets. The significance of this sequence led to a major international reconnaissance effort to thoroughly examine the effects of this disaster. Specifically, this paper presents evidences of strong local site effects (i.e., amplification of seismic waves because of stratigraphic and topographic effects that leads to damage concentration in certain areas). It also examines the damage patterns observed along the entire sequence of events in association with the spatial distribution of ground motion intensity with emphasis on the clearly distinct performance of reinforced concrete and masonry structures under multiple excitations. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of past retrofit measures efficiency and a series of lessons learned as per the behavior of structures to a sequence of strong earthquake events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1193\/100317eqs194m","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T11:29:05Z","timestamp":1529926145000},"page":"1639-1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Local Site Effects and Incremental Damage of Buildings during the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Sextos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"De Risi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pagliaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia Universit\u00e1 degli Studi G. D'Annunzio di Chieti\u2010Pescara Pescara Italy"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Passeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Ausilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Universit\u00e0 della Calabria Rende Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cairo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Universit\u00e0 della Calabria Rende Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Capatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Architettura Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy"}]},{"given":"Filiberto","family":"Chiabrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Architettura e Design Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Chiaradonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples Italy"}]},{"given":"Shideh","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental &amp; Architectural Engineering University of Colorado Boulder CO"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Dezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino Republic of San Marino"}]},{"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering University of Texas Austin TX"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Giallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia Universit\u00e1 degli Studi G. D'Annunzio di Chieti\u2010Pescara Pescara Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Sica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 del Sannio Benevento Italy"}]},{"given":"Armando L.","family":"Simonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 del Sannio Benevento Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Zimmaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) \u2013 Center for Natural Hazards 2016a.ARIA Data Share available athttps:\/\/aria\u2010share.jpl.nasa.gov\/events\/(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) \u2013 Center for Natural Hazards 2016b.ARIA Data Share available athttps:\/\/aria\u2010share.jpl.nasa.gov\/events\/20161030\u2010Italy_EQ\/DPM\/(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Field Manual for post\u2010earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures (AeDES)","author":"Baggio C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Wave motion in earthquake engineering","author":"Bard P. Y.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/070113EQS184M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"BrambatiA. FaccioliE. CarulliG. CucchiF. OnofriR. StefaniniS. andUlcigraiF. 1980.Studio di microzonazione sismica dell'area di Tarcento (Friuli) CLUET Trieste Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"BYU\u2010PRISM 2016.3D model gallery \u2212 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes available athttp:\/\/prismweb.groups.et.byu.net\/gallery2\/2016%20Central%20Italy%20Earthquakes\/(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/062913EQS175M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"CEN European Committee for Standardization 2004.Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance \u2013 Part 1: General rules seismic actions and rules for buildings Brussels Belgium."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Center for Seismic Microzonation and Its Applications (CentroMS) 2016.Terremoto Centro Italia available athttps:\/\/www.centromicrozonazionesismica.it\/it\/attivita\/terremoto\u2010centro\u2010italia(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/072813EQS219M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Copernicus 2016.Emergency management service (EMS) mapping EMSR177: Earthquake in Central Italy available athttp:\/\/emergency.copernicus.eu\/mapping\/list\u2010of\u2010components\/EMSR177\/ALL\/EMSR177_20AMATRICEAERIAL(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120020206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"FaccioliE. VaniniM. andFrassineL. 2002.Complex site effects in earthquake ground motion including topography in12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering Barbican Center 9\u201313 September 2002 London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-017-0254-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/082117EQS165M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"2045","article-title":"A three\u2010dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara Valley, California, from a Loma Prieta aftershock","volume":"82","author":"Frankel A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/101317EQS204M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-013-9446-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18118\/G61S3Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18118\/G6HS39"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/1.3159006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di statistica) 2011.Censimento popolazione e abitazioni 2011 available athttp:\/\/dati\u2010censimentopopolazione.istat.it\/Index.aspx(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"MarsanP. MilanaG. PuglieseA. andSan\u00f2T. 2000.Local amplification effects recorded by a local strong motion network during the 1997 Umbria\u2010Marche earthquake inProceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering 30 January\u20134 February 2000 Auckland New Zealand."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Works \u2010 Italy 1996.Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche Decree of the Minister of Public Works 5 February 1996 Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana No. 29 Rome (in Italian)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"Ministry of the Environment (Ministero dell'Ambiente) 2014.Geoportale nazionale available athttp:\/\/www.pcn.minambiente.it\/GN(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Infrastructures Italy 2008.Norme tecniche per le costruzioni Decree of the Minister of the Infrastructures 14 January 2008 Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana No. 29 Rome (in Italian)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06854.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469.2010.501892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of soil amplification","author":"Roesset J. M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on The Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion","author":"Rovelli A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-7261(87)90022-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"SarconiM. 1784.Istoria de fenomeni del tremoto avvenuto delle Calabrie e nel Valdemone nell'anno 1783 Campo."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1585498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"SextosA. 2016.Amatrice post\u2010earthquake assessment available athttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=djF5fkUrYkk(last accessed 26 September 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"SiroL. 1982.Southern Italy November 23 1980 earthquake inProceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Earthquake Engineering 20\u201325 September 1982 Athens Greece."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/081716eqs135m"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","unstructured":"StewartJ. P. AfshariK. andHashashY. M. 2014.Guidelines for Performing Hazard\u2010Consistent One\u2010Dimensional Ground Response Analysis for Ground Motion Prediction Tech. Rep. PEER 2014\/16 Berkeley CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/1.3673621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"YunS. FieldingE. J. SimonsM. RosenP. OwenS. andWebbF. 2011.Damage proxy map of February 2011 M6.3 Christchurch earthquake using InSAR coherence.8th International Workshop on Advances in the Science and Applications of SAR Interferometry Frascati Italy available athttps:\/\/earth.esa.int\/documents\/10174\/1567329\/Yun_FRINGE2011.pdf(last accessed 8 August 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0220150152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/091817EQS184M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/072316eqs117ep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2017.01.014"}],"container-title":["Earthquake Spectra"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1193\/100317EQS194M","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1193\/100317EQS194M","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1193\/100317EQS194M","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1769352756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1193\/100317EQS194M"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/earthquake-spectra\/article\/34\/4\/1639\/585576\/local-site-effects-and-incremental-damage-of","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1193\/100317EQS194M"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1193\/100317eqs194m","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-2930","1944-8201"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-2930","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8201","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}