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In reality, however, structural and nonstructural systems can have other damping ratios. This paper develops a new model for a damping scaling factor (\n                    <jats:italic>DSF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) that can be used to adjust the 5% damped spectral ordinates predicted by a GMPE for damping ratios between 0.5% to 30%. The model is developed based on empirical data from worldwide shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. Dependencies of the\n                    <jats:italic>DSF<\/jats:italic>\n                    on potential predictor variables, such as the damping ratio, spectral period, ground motion duration, moment magnitude, source\u2010to\u2010site distance, and site conditions, are examined. The strong influence of duration is captured by the inclusion of both magnitude and distance in the\n                    <jats:italic>DSF<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. Site conditions show weak influence on the\n                    <jats:italic>DSF<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The proposed damping scaling model provides functional forms for the median and logarithmic standard deviation of\n                    <jats:italic>DSF<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and is developed for both RotD50 and GMRotI50 horizontal components. A follow\u2010up paper develops a\n                    <jats:italic>DSF<\/jats:italic>\n                    model for vertical ground motion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1193\/100512eqs298m","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,6]],"date-time":"2013-09-06T14:42:18Z","timestamp":1378478538000},"page":"939-963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Damping Scaling Factors for Elastic Response Spectra for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Active Tectonic Regions: \u201cAverage\u201d Horizontal Component"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Rezaeian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Golden CO"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Bozorgnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center University of California Berkeley CA"}]},{"given":"I. M.","family":"Idriss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Davis CA"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Abrahamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Gas &amp; Electric Company CA"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EQECAT Inc. Beaverton OR"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Engineering &amp; Analysis El Cerrito CA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"AbrahamsonN. A. andSilvaW. J. 1996.Section 4: Spectral scaling for other damping values inEmpirical Ground Motion Models Report Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"AnchetaT. DarraghR. SilvaW. 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