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First, dopamine modulates the activity of glutamate neurons within the cerebral cortex. Evidence will be reviewed for dopamine regulation of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex via synaptic and extrasynaptic mechanisms and through indirect effects mediated by GABA cells. Second, glutamate neurons innervate dopamine cells within the ventral tegmental area. Evidence will be described for selective glutamate input from the prefrontal cortex or the brain stem tegmentum to different populations of dopamine cells. The third level of interaction occurs within target regions via convergent synaptic or extrasynaptic regulation of common neurons. Such convergence will be reviewed for the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Together, these substrates for glutamate\u2010dopamine interactions provide several mechanisms for normal regulation of brain function. Sites of modulatory interaction between dopamine and glutamate also suggest circuit alterations that might contribute to the pathophysiology of mental health disorders and provide potential sites for therapeutic intervention in these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1300.066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]],"date-time":"2004-01-15T01:04:15Z","timestamp":1074128655000},"page":"36-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":291,"title":["Anatomical Substrates for Glutamate\u2010Dopamine Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1003","author":[{"given":"SUSAN R.","family":"SESACK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"DAVID B.","family":"CARR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"NATALIA","family":"OMELCHENKO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"ALINE","family":"PINTO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902720102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.9015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903630208"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91427-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(200004)36:1<47::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7450","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07450.1997","article-title":"Quantitative three\u2010dimensional analysis of the catecholaminergic innervation of identified neurons in the macaque prefrontal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Krimer L.S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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