{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:21:41Z","timestamp":1790644901036,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]],"date-time":"2006-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":846,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Can we find a way of thinking about the self that is compatible with modern neuroscience? I think we can. First of all, we have to recognize that \u201cthe self\u201d is not the same as \u201cthe conscious self,\u201d since much of who we are as individuals takes place out of conscious awareness. Second, we have to accept that some aspects of the self, especially the unconscious aspects, occur in and can be studied in other species, allowing us to relate these aspects of the self to detailed brain mechanisms. Finally, it also helps to think of the self in terms of memory. Obviously, much of who we are is based on memories learned through personal experience, including both conscious or explicit memories and unconscious or implicit memories. This is particularly important since much progress has been made in relating memory to the cells and synapses of the brain. By viewing the self as a network of memories the effort to relate the self to the brain can build on this progress. Emphasizing memory and experience does not take away from the fact that our genetic history also contributes to who we are. In fact, genes and experience, or nature and nurture, are, in the end, not different things, but different ways of doing the same thing\u2014wiring the synapses of our brain. In many ways, the self is synaptic. This synaptic view of the self is not meant as a challenge to other views, such as spiritual, cultural, or psychological views. It is instead, just a way of understanding how these other aspects of who we are relate, deep down, to the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1279.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]],"date-time":"2004-01-15T01:04:15Z","timestamp":1074128655000},"page":"295-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Self"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1001","author":[{"given":"JOSEPH","family":"LeDOUX","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Bargh J.A. (1990). Auto\u2010motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction. In T. Higgins & R.M. Sorrentino (Eds.) Handbook of motivation and cognition(pp. 93\u2013130). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.7.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Baumeister R.F. (1998). The Self. In D.T. Gilbert S.T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.) The handbook of social psychology. Boston: McGraw\u2010Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/233622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Cantor N. H. Markus P. Niedenthal & P. Nurius. (1986). On motivation and the self concept. In R.M. Sorrentino & E.T. Higgins (Eds.) Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Churchland P.S. (2002). Self\u2010representation in nervous systems.Science 296 308\u2013310 [reprinted in this volume. Ed.].","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Damasio A.R. (1999).The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness.New York: Harcourt Brace."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Dennett D. (1976). On the conditions of personhood. In A.O. Rorty (Ed.) The identities of persons. 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(1890).Principles of psychology.New York: Holt.","DOI":"10.1037\/10538-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Kolm S.\u2010C. (1985). The Buddhist theory of \u201cno\u2010self.\u201d In J. Elster (Ed.) The multiple self. New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"LeDoux J.E. (2002).Synaptic self\u2014How our brains become who we are.New York: Viking."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515088808572924"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pigliucci M. (2001).Phenotypic plasticity: Beyond nature and nurture.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801867880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Rochat P. (1995).The self in infancy: Theory research.New York: Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorabji P. 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