{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:40:01Z","timestamp":1791020401356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]],"date-time":"2006-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":785,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>:<\/jats:bold>In his writing Darwin emphasized direct veridical links between vocal acoustics and vocalizer emotional state. Yet he also recognized that acoustics influence the emotional state of listeners. This duality\u2014that particular vocal expressions are likely linked to particular internal states, yet may specifically function to influence others\u2014lies at the heart of contemporary efforts aimed at understanding affect\u2010related vocal acoustics. That work has focused most on speech acoustics and laughter, where the most common approach has been to argue that these signals reflect the occurrence of discrete emotional states in the vocalizer. An alternative view is that the underlying states can be better characterized using a small number of continuous dimensions such as arousal (or activation) and a valenced dimension such as pleasantness. A brief review of the evidence suggests, however, that neither approach is correct. Data from speech\u2010related research provides little support for a discrete\u2010emotions view, with emotion\u2010related aspects of the acoustics seeming more to reflect to vocalizer arousal. However, links to a corresponding emotional valence dimension have also been difficult to demonstrate, suggesting a need for interpretations outside this traditional dichotomy. We therefore suggest a different perspective in which the primary function of signaling is not to express signaler emotion, but rather to impact listener affect and thereby influence the behavior of these individuals. In this view, it is not expected that nuances of signaler states will be highly correlated with particular features of the sounds produced, but rather that vocalizers will be using acoustics that readily affect listener arousal and emotion. Attributions concerning signaler states thus become a secondary outcome, reflecting inferences that listeners base on their own affective responses to the sounds, their past experience with such signals, and the context in which signaling is occurring. This approach has found recent support in laughter research, with the bigger picture being that the sounds of emotion\u2014be they carried in speech, laughter, or other species\u2010typical signals\u2014are not informative, veridical beacons on vocalizer states so much as tools of social influence used to capitalize on listener sensitivities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1280.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,6]],"date-time":"2004-02-06T16:37:43Z","timestamp":1076085463000},"page":"244-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Sounds of Emotion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1000","author":[{"given":"JO\u2010ANNE","family":"BACHOROWSKI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL J.","family":"OWREN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"Cicero M.T. 2001. De Oratore. Oxford University Press. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","unstructured":"Aristotle. 1995. Treatise on Rhetoric. T. Buckley Trans. Prometheus. Amherst NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwin C. 1998. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 3rd edit. Harper Collins. London. (US edit.: Oxford University Press. New York.)","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195112719.002.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owren M.J. & D. Rendall. 1997. An affect\u2010conditioning model of nonhuman primate signaling.InPerspectives in Ethology Vol. 12: Communication. D.H. Owings M.D. Beecher & N.S. Thompson Eds.: 299\u2013346. Plenum. New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1745-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendall D. & M.J. Owren. 2002. Animal vocal communication: say what?InThe Cognitive Animal. M. Bekoff C. Allen & G. Burghardt Eds.: 307\u2013314. MIT Press. Cambridge MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1885.003.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","unstructured":"Owren M.J. D. Rendall & J.\u2010A. Bachorowski. Nonlinguistic vocal communication.InPrimate Psychology: Bridging the Gap between the Mind and Behavior of Human and Nonhuman Primates. D. Maestripieri Ed. Harvard University Press. Cambridge MA. In press."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","unstructured":"Fant G. 1960. Acoustic theory of speech production. s\u2010Gravenhage. Mouton."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens K.N. 2000. Acoustic Phonetics. MIT Press. Cambridge MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1072.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owren M.J. & R.H. Bernacki. 1998. Applying linear predictive coding (LPC) to frequency\u2010spectrum analysis of animal acoustic signals.InAnimal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods. S.L. Hopp M.J. Owren & C.S. Evans Eds.: 129\u2013161. Springer\u2010Verlag. New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76220-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","unstructured":"Scherer K.R. 1982. Methods of research on vocal communication: paradigms and parameters.InHandbook of Nonverbal Behavior Research. K.R. Scherer & P. Ekman Eds.: 136\u2013198. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.2.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherer K.R. 1989. Vocal measurement of emotion.InEmotion: Theory Research and Experience Vol. 4. The Measurement of Emotions. R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman Eds.: 233\u2013259. Academic Press. New York.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-558704-4.50015-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","unstructured":"Johnson K. 1997. Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. Blackwell. Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman P. & S.E. Blumstein. 1988. Speech physiology speech perception and acoustic phonetics. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139165952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","unstructured":"Pittam J. & K.R. Scherer. 1993. Vocal expression and communication of emotion.InHandbook of Emotions. M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland Eds.: 185\u2013197. Guilford. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","unstructured":"Johnstone T. & K.R. Scherer. 2000. Vocal communication of emotion.InHandbook of Emotions. M. Lewis & J. Haviland Eds.: 220\u2013235. Guilford. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","unstructured":"Cowie R. 2000. Describing the emotional states expressed in speech. Proceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion. pp. 11\u201318. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.97.3.412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","unstructured":"Kappas A. U. Hess & K.R. Scherer. 1991. Voice and emotion.InFundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior. B. Rime & R. Feldman Eds.: 200\u2013238. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067673","article-title":"Attitudinal judgments in intonation: some evidence for a theory","volume":"12","author":"Pakosz M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Psycholinguist. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00995674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023237014909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappas A. & U. Hess. 1995. Nonverbal aspects of oral communication.InAspects of Oral Communication. D.U.M. Quasthoff Ed.: 169\u2013180. De Gruyter. Berlin.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110879032.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.389239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1352088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der M. 2000. Experimental study of affect bursts.InProceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion: 132\u2013135. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.4.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00596.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Vocal expression of emotion is associated with vocal fold vibration and vocal tract resonance","volume":"33","author":"Bachorowski J.\u2010A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"The impact of vocal feedback on emotional experience and expression","volume":"10","author":"Hatfield E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Soc. Behav. Pers."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01668-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","unstructured":"Paeschke A. & W.F. Sendlmeier. 2000. Prosodic characteristics of emotional speech. Measurements of fundamental frequency movements.InProceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion: 75\u201380. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","unstructured":"Pereira C. 2000. Dimensions of emotional meaning in speech.InProceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion: 25\u201328. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90055-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.12.3.302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","unstructured":"Trouvain J. & W.J. Barry. 2000. The prosody of excitement in horse race commentaries.InProceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion: 86\u201391. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00252.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.391450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022101032001009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","unstructured":"Tickle A. 2000. English and Japanese speakers' emotion vocalisation and recognition: a comparison highlighting vowel quality.InProceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion: 104\u2013109. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030098011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","unstructured":"Cauldwell R.T. 2000. Where did the anger go? The role of context in interpreting emotion in speech.InProceedings of the International Speech Communication Association Workshop on Speech and Emotion: 127\u2013131. Textflow. Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930126095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202281001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_2","unstructured":"Dawkins R. 1989. The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press. Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_2","unstructured":"Dawkins R. & J.R. Krebs. 1978. Animal signals: information or manipulation?InBehavioral Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. J.R. Krebs & N.B. Davies Eds.: 282\u2013309. Blackwell Scientific. London."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.2.211","article-title":"\u201cMood contagion:\u201d The automatic transfer of mood between persons","volume":"79","author":"Neumann R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.3.430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X8800700201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_2","unstructured":"Bachorowski J.\u2010A. & M.J. Owren. 2002. The role of vocal acoustics in emotional intelligence.InThe Wisdom of Feelings: Processes Underlying Emotional Intelligence. L.F. Barrett & P. Salovey Eds.: 11\u201336. Guilford. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_2","unstructured":"Hess U. & G. Kirouac. 2000. Emotion expression in groups.InHandbook of Emotions. M. Lewis & J. Haviland\u2010Jones Eds.: 368\u2013381. Guilford. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_2","unstructured":"Scherer K.R. 1992. Vocal affect expression as symptom symbol and appeal.InNonverbal Vocal Communication: Comparative and Developmental Approaches. H. Papou\u0161ek U. J\u00fcrgens & M. Papou\u0161ek Eds.: 43\u201360. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatfield E. J.T. Cacioppo & R.L. Rapson. 1992. Primitive emotional contagion.InEmotion and Social Behavior. M.S. Clark Ed.: 151\u2013177. Sage. London.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.7.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.35.2.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0073921"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.407242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_2","unstructured":"van Hooff J.A.R.A.M. 1972. A comparative approach to the phylogeny of laughter and smiling.InNon\u2010verbal Communication. R.A. Hinde Ed.: 209\u2013241. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_2","unstructured":"Apte M.L. 1985. Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Cornell University Press. Ithaca NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.252.21.2995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Notes on laughter","volume":"29","author":"Edmonson M.S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anthropol. Linguist."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.83.3.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(93)90012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08351819109389360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1996.9713996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01135609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_2","unstructured":"Deacon T.W. 1997. The Symbolic Species. Norton. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.4.580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_2","unstructured":"Grammer K. & I. Eibl\u2010Eibesfeldt. 1990. The ritualization of laughter.InNaturlichkeit der Sprache und der Kultur: Acta Colloquii. W. Koch Ed.: 192\u2013214. Brockmeyer. Bochum Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00989317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_2","unstructured":"Dunbar R.I.M. 1996. Grooming Gossip and the Evolution of Language. Faber and Faber. London."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1391244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_2","unstructured":"Bachorowski J.\u2010A. M.J. Smoski A.J. Tomarken & M.J. Owren. Laugh Rate and Acoustics Are Associated with Social Context. Manuscript under review."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221300109598910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_2","unstructured":"Owren M.J. & J.\u2010A. Bachorowski. 2003. Reconsidering the evolution of nonlinguistic communication: the case of laughter. J. Nonverbal Behav. In press."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_2","unstructured":"Owren M.J. N. Trivedi A. Schulman & J.\u2010A. Bachorowski. 2003. Laughter produced in positive circumstances can elicit both positive and negative responses in listeners. An implicit association test (IAT) with auditory stimuli: listener evaluations of human laughter. Manuscript under revision."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.4.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302296","article-title":"Antiphonal laughter between friends and strangers","volume":"17","author":"Smoski M.J.","journal-title":"Cognit. Emotion."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1280.030","article-title":"Antiphonal laughter in developing friendships","volume":"1000","author":"Smoski M.J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_2","unstructured":"Owren M.J. & J.\u2010A. Bachorowski. 2001. The evolution of emotional expression: a \u201cselfish\u2010gene\u201d account of smiling and laughter in early hominids and humans.InEmotions: Current Issues and Future Development. T. Mayne & G.A. Bonanno Eds.: 152\u2013191. Guilford. New York."}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1196%2Fannals.1280.012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1196\/annals.1280.012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T09:45:00Z","timestamp":1734255900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1196\/annals.1280.012"}},"subtitle":["Production and Perception of Affect\u2010Related Vocal Acoustics"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1196\/annals.1280.012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1280.012","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}